ARRT abdomen 9 Flashcards
A blockage at the ureterovesicular junction shows dilatation of the ____ and eventually _____
ureter
hydronephrosis
Bladder outlet obstruction can be caused by a ____ or _____
tumor
benign prostatic hyperplasia
A blockage in the urethra will lead to dilatation of the ____, ____, and eventually ____.
bladder
ureters
hydronephrosis
A blockage in the ____ will lead to dilatation of the bladder, ureters, and eventually hydronephrosis.
urethra
Documentation of bladder jets into the bladder can help determine presence of:
obstruction of ureter
Intrinsic hydronephrosis is:
hydronephrosis caused from the inside of the collecting system
Causes of intrinsic hydronephrosis include ___, ____, ____, or ____.
stones
tumors
bad uretheral valves
Extrinsic hydronephrosis is:
causes of hydronephrosis that are from outside of the collecting system
Extrinsic hydronephrosis causes include ____, ____, ____ or ____.
prostatic enlargement
pregnancy
abdominal/pelvic masses
retrofibrosis
false appearance of a distended renal pelvis
false positive
Causes of a false positive distended renal pelvis include ____, ____, ____, or ____.
overly full bladder
extrarenal pelvis
prominent vascular structures
pelvic cysts
kidney stones that are located anywhere within the urinary tract
urolithiasis
stones within the kidney
nephrolithiasis
_____ fills renal pelvis, may be related to recurrent UTIs and xanthogranulamotous pyelonephritis
staghorn calculus
Obstructive urolithiasis symptoms
pain
hematuria
dilated structures
The most common location for an obstructed kidney stone is:
ureterovesicular junction
If there is an obstructed stone in the UVJ, it caused dilatation of:
ureter and eventually hydronephrosis
Sonographic appearance or urolithiasis
hyperechoic focus with posterior shadowing; twinkle artifact
Mosaic pattern color signal posterior or deep to calculus
twinkle artifact
On CT, kidney stones can be identified as:
hyperdense focus
Hydronephrosis on CT can be identified as:
darker gray, arising from renal pelvis and will make kidney “widen”
Balloon-like cystic dilatation of attachment of ureter to bladder
ureterocele
often associated with ectopic ureter locations such as duplicated collecting systems
ureterocele
Ureterocele may cause ____, ____, and _____
urinary stasis
hydroureter
UTIs
All causes for urinary stasis will present with _____
recurrent UTIs
Most common location of obstruction in pediatric urinary collecting system
ureteropelvic junction
If the obstruction is in the UPJ you should see what?
hydronephrosis only
urine flows backward up into ureters due to abnormal valves
vesicoureteral reflux
Grading for vesicoureteral reflux is dependent on extent of ____ and ____ dilatation.
renal pelvis
calyx
In vesicoureteral reflux, the first thing to dilate is:
ureter
Dilated ureter is known as:
mega ureter
hydroureter
Occurs in male babies, where the fetus in utero cannot empty bladder
posterior urethral valves
Posterior urethral valves cause:
prune belly syndrome
Sonographic signs of neonatal bladder affected by posterior uretheral valves
thickened walls
megaureters
hydronephrosis
Bladder dilates, urine backs up into the kidneys, and damages urinary tract
posterior urethral valves
Bladder wall thickening >4 mm when bladder distended; most common in women; will present as UTI
cystitis
In cystitis the bladder wall thickening is more than __ mm when distended
4
non-function bladder wall due to nerve damage or disorder; bladder will be huge pre- and post- void
neurogenic
Bladder volume equation
L x W x H x 0.56
clinical symptoms of neurogenic bladder
no need to urinate
Sonographic appearance of neurogenic bladder
large post-void residual volume
bladder wall thickening with trabeculae
balloon like outpouching of bladder wall with distinct neck
diverticulum
most common malignancy of bladder
transitional cell carcinoma
clinical signs of transitional cell carcinoma
hematuria
may have urinary obstruction
Sonographic appearance of transitional cell carcinoma
papillary mass projecting from bladder wall
non-mobile
often demonstrate vascularity
Adrenal glands are ____peritoneal
retro
Adrenal glands are also known as:
suprarenal glands
Adrenal glands are enclosed in ______ with kidneys
Gerota fascia
Are adrenal glands endocrine or exocrine glands
endocrine
The adrenal glands are controlled by the:
pituitary gland
The adrenal glands function for ____, _____, and ______
metabolism
immune system
response to stress
The adrenal glands are supplied blood by:
suprarenal arteries
The adrenal glands are the most ____, just lateral to the great vessels
posterior
The adrenal glands are located _____ to the kidneys
superomedial
The adrenal glands are located on the:
back wall
The adrenal glands are sandwiched between ______ and ______
upper pole of kidney
great vessel
The adrenal glands are _____ to the crus of the diaphragm
lateral
What does the normal pediatric normal adrenal gland look like on ultrasound?
hypoechoic outer cortex
echogenic inner medulla
often pyramid or wishbone shaped
The _____ is the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
cortex
The cortex of the adrenal gland produces ____, ____, and _____
aldosterone
androgens
cortisol
The ____ is the inner layer of the adrenal gland.
medulla
The medulla of the adrenal gland produces ____ and ____
epinephrine
norephinephrine
The anterior pituitary gland excretes:
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is the role of aldosterone?
controls blood pressure and sodium
What are androgens?
the male hormone
What does cortisol control?
glucose
metabolism
Epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role:
fight or flight response
primary adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison’s disease
Addison disease is caused by:
autoimmune disease or infection
Addison disease is also known as:
chronic primary hypoadrenalism
If the adrenal gland is damaged, it results in:
hypofunction
Addison disease causes ___ adrenal hormones and ____ ACTH
low
high
Clinical symptoms of Addison’s disease
hypotension
weakness
fatigue
bronzing of skin
hyperkalemia
hyponatremia
increased ACTH
hyperkalemia
high potassium
hyponatremia
low sodium
high potassium is called:
hyperkalemia
Low sodium is called:
hyponatremia
Sonographic appearance of Addison disease
adrenal enlargement
possible calcifications
Since adrenal are ____ glands, most tumors are symptomatic based on hormone increased
endocrine
most common benign solid mass of adrenal gland
adenoma
An adenoma is a ____ tumor.
cortical
If adrenal gland is hyperfunctioning, it will cause _______ syndrome
Conn’s or Cushing’s syndrome
Sonographic appearance of adrenal gland adenoma
solid, hypoechoic mass
hypercortisolism
too much cortisol
too much cortisol
hypercortisolism
Cortisol helps regulate:
glucose metabolism
Cushing syndrome may be caused by:
adenoma
Hypercortisolism is associated with:
Cushing syndrome
Clinical symptoms of Cushing syndrome
hypertension
obesity
buffalo hump
round moon shaped face
hirsutism
hyperglycemia
purpura streaks torso and thighs
hyperglycemia
high sugar
high sugar
hyperglycemia
purple marks on skin
purpura streaks
also known as primary hyperaldosteronism
Conn Syndrome
hyperaldosteronism
too much aldosterone
too much aldosterone
hyperaldosteronism
Aldosterone regulates blood pressure by controlling _______ ratio in the body
sodium/water
Conn syndrome may be caused by:
adrenal adenoma
Clinical symptoms of Conn syndrome
hypertension
thirsty
urinary frequency
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
hypernatremia
high sodium
high sodium
hypernatremia
