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ARRT abdomen 9 Flashcards

1
Q

A blockage at the ureterovesicular junction shows dilatation of the ____ and eventually _____

A

ureter
hydronephrosis

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2
Q

Bladder outlet obstruction can be caused by a ____ or _____

A

tumor
benign prostatic hyperplasia

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3
Q

A blockage in the urethra will lead to dilatation of the ____, ____, and eventually ____.

A

bladder
ureters
hydronephrosis

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4
Q

A blockage in the ____ will lead to dilatation of the bladder, ureters, and eventually hydronephrosis.

A

urethra

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5
Q

Documentation of bladder jets into the bladder can help determine presence of:

A

obstruction of ureter

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6
Q

Intrinsic hydronephrosis is:

A

hydronephrosis caused from the inside of the collecting system

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7
Q

Causes of intrinsic hydronephrosis include ___, ____, ____, or ____.

A

stones
tumors
bad uretheral valves

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8
Q

Extrinsic hydronephrosis is:

A

causes of hydronephrosis that are from outside of the collecting system

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9
Q

Extrinsic hydronephrosis causes include ____, ____, ____ or ____.

A

prostatic enlargement
pregnancy
abdominal/pelvic masses
retrofibrosis

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10
Q

false appearance of a distended renal pelvis

A

false positive

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11
Q

Causes of a false positive distended renal pelvis include ____, ____, ____, or ____.

A

overly full bladder
extrarenal pelvis
prominent vascular structures
pelvic cysts

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12
Q

kidney stones that are located anywhere within the urinary tract

A

urolithiasis

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13
Q

stones within the kidney

A

nephrolithiasis

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14
Q

_____ fills renal pelvis, may be related to recurrent UTIs and xanthogranulamotous pyelonephritis

A

staghorn calculus

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15
Q

Obstructive urolithiasis symptoms

A

pain
hematuria
dilated structures

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16
Q

The most common location for an obstructed kidney stone is:

A

ureterovesicular junction

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17
Q

If there is an obstructed stone in the UVJ, it caused dilatation of:

A

ureter and eventually hydronephrosis

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18
Q

Sonographic appearance or urolithiasis

A

hyperechoic focus with posterior shadowing; twinkle artifact

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19
Q

Mosaic pattern color signal posterior or deep to calculus

A

twinkle artifact

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20
Q

On CT, kidney stones can be identified as:

A

hyperdense focus

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21
Q

Hydronephrosis on CT can be identified as:

A

darker gray, arising from renal pelvis and will make kidney “widen”

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22
Q

Balloon-like cystic dilatation of attachment of ureter to bladder

A

ureterocele

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23
Q

often associated with ectopic ureter locations such as duplicated collecting systems

A

ureterocele

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24
Q

Ureterocele may cause ____, ____, and _____

A

urinary stasis
hydroureter
UTIs

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25
All causes for urinary stasis will present with _____
recurrent UTIs
26
Most common location of obstruction in pediatric urinary collecting system
ureteropelvic junction
27
If the obstruction is in the UPJ you should see what?
hydronephrosis only
28
urine flows backward up into ureters due to abnormal valves
vesicoureteral reflux
29
Grading for vesicoureteral reflux is dependent on extent of ____ and ____ dilatation.
renal pelvis calyx
30
In vesicoureteral reflux, the first thing to dilate is:
ureter
31
Dilated ureter is known as:
mega ureter hydroureter
32
Occurs in male babies, where the fetus in utero cannot empty bladder
posterior urethral valves
33
Posterior urethral valves cause:
prune belly syndrome
34
Sonographic signs of neonatal bladder affected by posterior uretheral valves
thickened walls megaureters hydronephrosis
35
Bladder dilates, urine backs up into the kidneys, and damages urinary tract
posterior urethral valves
36
Bladder wall thickening >4 mm when bladder distended; most common in women; will present as UTI
cystitis
37
In cystitis the bladder wall thickening is more than __ mm when distended
4
38
non-function bladder wall due to nerve damage or disorder; bladder will be huge pre- and post- void
neurogenic
39
Bladder volume equation
L x W x H x 0.56
40
clinical symptoms of neurogenic bladder
no need to urinate
41
Sonographic appearance of neurogenic bladder
large post-void residual volume bladder wall thickening with trabeculae
42
balloon like outpouching of bladder wall with distinct neck
diverticulum
43
most common malignancy of bladder
transitional cell carcinoma
44
clinical signs of transitional cell carcinoma
hematuria may have urinary obstruction
45
Sonographic appearance of transitional cell carcinoma
papillary mass projecting from bladder wall non-mobile often demonstrate vascularity
46
Adrenal glands are ____peritoneal
retro
47
Adrenal glands are also known as:
suprarenal glands
48
Adrenal glands are enclosed in ______ with kidneys
Gerota fascia
49
Are adrenal glands endocrine or exocrine glands
endocrine
50
The adrenal glands are controlled by the:
pituitary gland
51
The adrenal glands function for ____, _____, and ______
metabolism immune system response to stress
52
The adrenal glands are supplied blood by:
suprarenal arteries
53
The adrenal glands are the most ____, just lateral to the great vessels
posterior
54
The adrenal glands are located _____ to the kidneys
superomedial
55
The adrenal glands are located on the:
back wall
56
The adrenal glands are sandwiched between ______ and ______
upper pole of kidney great vessel
57
The adrenal glands are _____ to the crus of the diaphragm
lateral
58
What does the normal pediatric normal adrenal gland look like on ultrasound?
hypoechoic outer cortex echogenic inner medulla often pyramid or wishbone shaped
59
The _____ is the outer layer of the adrenal gland.
cortex
60
The cortex of the adrenal gland produces ____, ____, and _____
aldosterone androgens cortisol
61
The ____ is the inner layer of the adrenal gland.
medulla
62
The medulla of the adrenal gland produces ____ and ____
epinephrine norephinephrine
63
The anterior pituitary gland excretes:
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
64
What is the role of aldosterone?
controls blood pressure and sodium
65
What are androgens?
the male hormone
66
What does cortisol control?
glucose metabolism
67
Epinephrine and norepinephrine play a role:
fight or flight response
68
primary adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison's disease
69
Addison disease is caused by:
autoimmune disease or infection
70
Addison disease is also known as:
chronic primary hypoadrenalism
71
If the adrenal gland is damaged, it results in:
hypofunction
72
Addison disease causes ___ adrenal hormones and ____ ACTH
low high
73
Clinical symptoms of Addison's disease
hypotension weakness fatigue bronzing of skin hyperkalemia hyponatremia increased ACTH
74
hyperkalemia
high potassium
75
hyponatremia
low sodium
76
high potassium is called:
hyperkalemia
77
Low sodium is called:
hyponatremia
78
Sonographic appearance of Addison disease
adrenal enlargement possible calcifications
79
Since adrenal are ____ glands, most tumors are symptomatic based on hormone increased
endocrine
80
most common benign solid mass of adrenal gland
adenoma
81
An adenoma is a ____ tumor.
cortical
82
If adrenal gland is hyperfunctioning, it will cause _______ syndrome
Conn's or Cushing's syndrome
83
Sonographic appearance of adrenal gland adenoma
solid, hypoechoic mass
84
hypercortisolism
too much cortisol
85
too much cortisol
hypercortisolism
86
Cortisol helps regulate:
glucose metabolism
87
Cushing syndrome may be caused by:
adenoma
88
Hypercortisolism is associated with:
Cushing syndrome
89
Clinical symptoms of Cushing syndrome
hypertension obesity buffalo hump round moon shaped face hirsutism hyperglycemia purpura streaks torso and thighs
90
hyperglycemia
high sugar
91
high sugar
hyperglycemia
92
purple marks on skin
purpura streaks
93
also known as primary hyperaldosteronism
Conn Syndrome
94
hyperaldosteronism
too much aldosterone
95
too much aldosterone
hyperaldosteronism
96
Aldosterone regulates blood pressure by controlling _______ ratio in the body
sodium/water
97
Conn syndrome may be caused by:
adrenal adenoma
98
Clinical symptoms of Conn syndrome
hypertension thirsty urinary frequency hypernatremia hypokalemia
99
hypernatremia
high sodium
100
high sodium
hypernatremia

ARDMS (64 decks)

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