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ARRT abdomen 8 Flashcards

1
Q

air or gas bubbles produced by bacteria in the renal parenchyma

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

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2
Q

At risk patients for emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

diabetics
immunocompromised

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3
Q

Sonographic features of emphysematous pyelonephritis include:

A

reverberation (comet-tail/ ring down)
dirty shadow

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4
Q

recurrent infections or chronic obstruction that may lead to damage; infection that causes air or gas bubbles produced by bacteria in the renal parenchyma

A

chronic pyelonpephritis

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5
Q

always indicates a damaged organ because of previous infections; causes scarring

A

chronic -itis

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6
Q

over time causes scarring of collecting system and atrophy of kidneys

A

chronic pyelonephritis

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7
Q

Pediatrics with ______ are at risk for chronic pyelonephritis.

A

vesicoureteral reflux

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8
Q

specific type of chronic in which renal tissue is damaged; formation of parenchymal granulomas and staghorn calculus within the pelvis

A

xanthogranulamatous pyelonephritis

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9
Q

Sonographic features of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

A

small, lobulated kidneys
may have scar from sinus through parenchyma with hydronephrosis

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10
Q

part of the functional nephron; like the capillary of the nephron

A

glomerule

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11
Q

starts in renal parenchyma, infection travels through blood, settles into kidney

A

glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Glomerulonephritis is most often caused by:

A

throat (strep) infection or other distant infection

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13
Q

Clinical symptoms of glomerulonephritis include:

A

acute infection symptoms + history of sore throat
hematuria
proteinuria
hypertension/azotemia if bilateral

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14
Q

Sonographic features of acute glomerulonephritis include:

A

enlarged kidney with echogenic cortex and prominent pyramids

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15
Q

Sonographic features of chronic glomerulonephritis:

A

small, echogenic kidneys

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16
Q

Most common cause of fungal UTI:

A

candida albicans

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17
Q

Who is at an increased risk for fungal UTI:

A

immunocompromised
diabetics
patients that have in-dwelling catheters

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18
Q

Sonographic features of fungal UTIs:

A

fungal balls within pelvis/collecting systems

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19
Q

Most common cause of parasitic UTI:

A

schistomiasis

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20
Q

Parasitic UTIs may also form:

A

hydatid cysts

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21
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is also known as:

A

hypernephroma

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22
Q

Most common renal cancer

A

renal cell carcinoma

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23
Q

Most common solid renal mass

A

renal cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking
hypertension
chronic renal disease

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25
Q

Clinical signs of renal cell carcinoma

A

hematuria (damaged parenchyma)
weight loss
pain

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26
Q

Sonographic features of renal cell carcinoma

A

hypo, iso, or hyperechoic mass
may present as a complicated cyst

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27
Q

How does renal cell carcinoma spread?

A

renal veins

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28
Q

If renal cell carcinoma is found, you should check:

A

IVC for tumor invasion

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29
Q

most common cancer of bladder

A

transitional cell carcinoma

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30
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma may be found in the bladder and also in:

A

kidney

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31
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma arises from:

A

urinary tract (collecting system)

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32
Q

Transitional cell carcinoma is most likey found in the:

A

renal pelvis

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33
Q

Clinical symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma

A

hematuria
urinary obstruction

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34
Q

Sonographic features of transitional cell carcinoma

A

mass within the sinus
hydronephrosis
caliectasis

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35
Q

Nephroblastoma is also known as:

A

Wilms tumor

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36
Q

Most common solid malignant abdominal mass in pediatric patients

A

nephroblastoma

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37
Q

Nephroblastomas are usually found in pediatric patients ___ years or younger

A

5

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38
Q

Clinical symptoms of nephroblastoma

A

hematuria (damaged parenchyma)
weight loss
pain

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39
Q

Sonographic features of nephroblastoma

A

solid heterogeneous mass

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40
Q

Nephroblastoma spreads through the:

A

renal veins

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41
Q

If a nephroblastoma is found, you should check:

A

IVC for tumor invasion

42
Q

Renal arteries originate inferior to the ______ from anterolateral surface of aorta

A

superior mesenteric artery

43
Q

Renal arteries originate ____ to the superior mesenteric artery from anterolateral surface of aorta.

44
Q

Renal arteries originate inferior to the superior mesenteric artery from:

A

anterolateral surface of aorta

45
Q

Renal veins travel ____ to renal arteries

46
Q

______ crosses anterior to aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery

A

Left renal vein

47
Q

Left renal vein crosses ____ to aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery

48
Q

Left renal vein crosses anterior to ____ and posterior to superior mesenteric artery

49
Q

Left renal vein crosses anterior to aorta and ____ to superior mesenteric artery

50
Q

Left renal vein crosses anterior to aorta and posterior to ____

A

superior mesenteric artery

51
Q

What is the best landmark for the renal artery?

A

left renal vein

52
Q

The ______ crosses posterior to the IVC

A

right renal artery

53
Q

The right renal artery crosses ____ to the IVC

54
Q

The right renal artery crosses posterior to the ____

55
Q

Most common renal vascular variation

A

duplicate renal arteries

56
Q

Renal artery stenosis is most commonly caused by:

A

atherosclerosis

57
Q

clinical symptoms of renal artery stenosis

A

hypertension without typical cause

58
Q

____> renal ischemia > renin > hypertension

A

renal artery stenosis

59
Q

renal artery stenosis > _____ > renin > hypertension

A

renal ischemia

60
Q

renal artery stenosis > renal ischemia > ____ > hypertension

61
Q

renal artery stenosis > renal ischemia > renin > ____

A

hypertension

62
Q

What segments should be dopplered during a renal doppler?

A

proximal to distal renal artery
segmental artery (in sinus)
aorta just proximal to renal artery

63
Q

RAR

A

renal artery ratio

64
Q

RAR will be greater than or equal to ___ in renal artery stenosis

65
Q

A _____ waveform will be seen distal to a renal artery stenosis at segmental artery.

A

tardus parvus

66
Q

A tardus parvus waveform will be seen ____ to a renal artery stenosis at segmental artery.

67
Q

A tardus parvus waveform will be seen distal to a renal artery stenosis at _____

A

segmental artery

68
Q

How is acceleration time measured?

A

onset of systole to peak systole

69
Q

Renal perfusion can be documented by doppler of the intraparenchymal arteries which include ____, ____, and ____ arteries.

A

segmental
interlobar
arcuate

70
Q

Normal renal artery resistance

71
Q

Normal renal artery waveform shows a ___ peak and a ____ notch.

A

sharp
dicrotic

72
Q

Normal renal artery waveform has ____ diastolic flow.

73
Q

Normal renal artery RI

A

less than 0.8

74
Q

intraparenchymal renal vessels will demonstrate increased resistance patterns

A

nephrosclerosis

75
Q

Nutcracker syndrome is also known as:

A

renal vein entrapment

76
Q

compression of left renal vein by superior mesenteric artery and aorta

A

Nutcracker syndrome

77
Q

Nutcracker syndrome is compression of the _____ by superior mesenteric artery and aorta.

A

left renal vein

78
Q

Nutcracker syndrome is compression of the left renal vein by _____ and ____

A

superior mesenteric artery
aorta

79
Q

Nutcracker syndrome may cause ____ and/or ____ of the left renal vein

A

congestion
thrombosis

80
Q

“allograft”

A

renal transplant

81
Q

Renal transplants are most often placed in the ___

A

right lower quadrant

82
Q

The donor artery and vein in a renal transplant are anastamosed to the ______

A

external iliac artery and vein

83
Q

In a renal transplant, the donor ureter is attached to:

A

the bladder

84
Q

Normal renal transplant dopplers

A

same as native kidney <0.8

85
Q

most common vascular complication of renal transplant

A

renal artery stenosis

86
Q

Renal vein thrombosis waveform shows:

A

bidirectional “to and fro” signal

87
Q

Most important changes that are indicative of rejection of a renal transplant are:

A

resistance of arterial waveform

88
Q

Clinical symptoms of rejection of renal transplant

A

signs of renal failure
anuria
azotemia
hypertension

89
Q

Sonographic features of renal transplant rejection include:

A

elevated resistance arterial patterns
high resistance/ less end diastolic velocity
“thumping pattern”

90
Q

a blockage and will cause dilatation to (above) the location of the blockage

A

urinary tract obstruction

91
Q

In urinary tract obstructions, the blockage will be ___ (below) dilated structures

92
Q

-ectasis

A

dilatation

93
Q

dilatation of the calices

A

caliectasis

94
Q

dilatation of the pelvis

A

pelvicaliectasis

95
Q

dilatation of the pelvis and calices

A

pelvocaliectasis

96
Q

most common congenital location of a blockage in pediatrics

A

ureteropelvic junction

97
Q

A blockage at the _____ shows dilatation of the renal pelvis, showing hydronephrosis only

A

ureteropelvic junction

98
Q

A blockage at the ureteropelvic junction shows dilatation of the ____, showing:

A

renal pelvis
hydronephrosis only

99
Q

Most common location of a blockage in the collecting system for adults

A

ureterovesicular junction

100
Q

A blockage at the _____ shows dilatation of the ureter and eventually hydronephrosis.

A

ureterovesicular junction

ARDMS (25 decks)

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