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ARRT abdomen 8 Flashcards

1
Q

air or gas bubbles produced by bacteria in the renal parenchyma

A

emphysematous pyelonephritis

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2
Q

At risk patients for emphysematous pyelonephritis

A

diabetics
immunocompromised

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3
Q

Sonographic features of emphysematous pyelonephritis include:

A

reverberation (comet-tail/ ring down)
dirty shadow

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4
Q

recurrent infections or chronic obstruction that may lead to damage; infection that causes air or gas bubbles produced by bacteria in the renal parenchyma

A

chronic pyelonpephritis

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5
Q

always indicates a damaged organ because of previous infections; causes scarring

A

chronic -itis

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6
Q

over time causes scarring of collecting system and atrophy of kidneys

A

chronic pyelonephritis

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7
Q

Pediatrics with ______ are at risk for chronic pyelonephritis.

A

vesicoureteral reflux

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8
Q

specific type of chronic in which renal tissue is damaged; formation of parenchymal granulomas and staghorn calculus within the pelvis

A

xanthogranulamatous pyelonephritis

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9
Q

Sonographic features of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis

A

small, lobulated kidneys
may have scar from sinus through parenchyma with hydronephrosis

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10
Q

part of the functional nephron; like the capillary of the nephron

A

glomerule

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11
Q

starts in renal parenchyma, infection travels through blood, settles into kidney

A

glomerulonephritis

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12
Q

Glomerulonephritis is most often caused by:

A

throat (strep) infection or other distant infection

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13
Q

Clinical symptoms of glomerulonephritis include:

A

acute infection symptoms + history of sore throat
hematuria
proteinuria
hypertension/azotemia if bilateral

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14
Q

Sonographic features of acute glomerulonephritis include:

A

enlarged kidney with echogenic cortex and prominent pyramids

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15
Q

Sonographic features of chronic glomerulonephritis:

A

small, echogenic kidneys

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16
Q

Most common cause of fungal UTI:

A

candida albicans

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17
Q

Who is at an increased risk for fungal UTI:

A

immunocompromised
diabetics
patients that have in-dwelling catheters

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18
Q

Sonographic features of fungal UTIs:

A

fungal balls within pelvis/collecting systems

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19
Q

Most common cause of parasitic UTI:

A

schistomiasis

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20
Q

Parasitic UTIs may also form:

A

hydatid cysts

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21
Q

Renal cell carcinoma is also known as:

A

hypernephroma

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22
Q

Most common renal cancer

A

renal cell carcinoma

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23
Q

Most common solid renal mass

A

renal cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Risk factors for renal cell carcinoma

A

smoking
hypertension
chronic renal disease

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25
Clinical signs of renal cell carcinoma
hematuria (damaged parenchyma) weight loss pain
26
Sonographic features of renal cell carcinoma
hypo, iso, or hyperechoic mass may present as a complicated cyst
27
How does renal cell carcinoma spread?
renal veins
28
If renal cell carcinoma is found, you should check:
IVC for tumor invasion
29
most common cancer of bladder
transitional cell carcinoma
30
Transitional cell carcinoma may be found in the bladder and also in:
kidney
31
Transitional cell carcinoma arises from:
urinary tract (collecting system)
32
Transitional cell carcinoma is most likey found in the:
renal pelvis
33
Clinical symptoms of transitional cell carcinoma
hematuria urinary obstruction
34
Sonographic features of transitional cell carcinoma
mass within the sinus hydronephrosis caliectasis
35
Nephroblastoma is also known as:
Wilms tumor
36
Most common solid malignant abdominal mass in pediatric patients
nephroblastoma
37
Nephroblastomas are usually found in pediatric patients ___ years or younger
5
38
Clinical symptoms of nephroblastoma
hematuria (damaged parenchyma) weight loss pain
39
Sonographic features of nephroblastoma
solid heterogeneous mass
40
Nephroblastoma spreads through the:
renal veins
41
If a nephroblastoma is found, you should check:
IVC for tumor invasion
42
Renal arteries originate inferior to the ______ from anterolateral surface of aorta
superior mesenteric artery
43
Renal arteries originate ____ to the superior mesenteric artery from anterolateral surface of aorta.
inferior
44
Renal arteries originate inferior to the superior mesenteric artery from:
anterolateral surface of aorta
45
Renal veins travel ____ to renal arteries
anterior
46
______ crosses anterior to aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery
Left renal vein
47
Left renal vein crosses ____ to aorta and posterior to superior mesenteric artery
anterior
48
Left renal vein crosses anterior to ____ and posterior to superior mesenteric artery
aorta
49
Left renal vein crosses anterior to aorta and ____ to superior mesenteric artery
posterior
50
Left renal vein crosses anterior to aorta and posterior to ____
superior mesenteric artery
51
What is the best landmark for the renal artery?
left renal vein
52
The ______ crosses posterior to the IVC
right renal artery
53
The right renal artery crosses ____ to the IVC
posterior
54
The right renal artery crosses posterior to the ____
IVC
55
Most common renal vascular variation
duplicate renal arteries
56
Renal artery stenosis is most commonly caused by:
atherosclerosis
57
clinical symptoms of renal artery stenosis
hypertension without typical cause
58
____> renal ischemia > renin > hypertension
renal artery stenosis
59
renal artery stenosis > _____ > renin > hypertension
renal ischemia
60
renal artery stenosis > renal ischemia > ____ > hypertension
renin
61
renal artery stenosis > renal ischemia > renin > ____
hypertension
62
What segments should be dopplered during a renal doppler?
proximal to distal renal artery segmental artery (in sinus) aorta just proximal to renal artery
63
RAR
renal artery ratio
64
RAR will be greater than or equal to ___ in renal artery stenosis
3.5
65
A _____ waveform will be seen distal to a renal artery stenosis at segmental artery.
tardus parvus
66
A tardus parvus waveform will be seen ____ to a renal artery stenosis at segmental artery.
distal
67
A tardus parvus waveform will be seen distal to a renal artery stenosis at _____
segmental artery
68
How is acceleration time measured?
onset of systole to peak systole
69
Renal perfusion can be documented by doppler of the intraparenchymal arteries which include ____, ____, and ____ arteries.
segmental interlobar arcuate
70
Normal renal artery resistance
low
71
Normal renal artery waveform shows a ___ peak and a ____ notch.
sharp dicrotic
72
Normal renal artery waveform has ____ diastolic flow.
high end
73
Normal renal artery RI
less than 0.8
74
intraparenchymal renal vessels will demonstrate increased resistance patterns
nephrosclerosis
75
Nutcracker syndrome is also known as:
renal vein entrapment
76
compression of left renal vein by superior mesenteric artery and aorta
Nutcracker syndrome
77
Nutcracker syndrome is compression of the _____ by superior mesenteric artery and aorta.
left renal vein
78
Nutcracker syndrome is compression of the left renal vein by _____ and ____
superior mesenteric artery aorta
79
Nutcracker syndrome may cause ____ and/or ____ of the left renal vein
congestion thrombosis
80
"allograft"
renal transplant
81
Renal transplants are most often placed in the ___
right lower quadrant
82
The donor artery and vein in a renal transplant are anastamosed to the ______
external iliac artery and vein
83
In a renal transplant, the donor ureter is attached to:
the bladder
84
Normal renal transplant dopplers
same as native kidney <0.8
85
most common vascular complication of renal transplant
renal artery stenosis
86
Renal vein thrombosis waveform shows:
bidirectional "to and fro" signal
87
Most important changes that are indicative of rejection of a renal transplant are:
resistance of arterial waveform
88
Clinical symptoms of rejection of renal transplant
signs of renal failure anuria azotemia hypertension
89
Sonographic features of renal transplant rejection include:
elevated resistance arterial patterns high resistance/ less end diastolic velocity "thumping pattern"
90
a blockage and will cause dilatation to (above) the location of the blockage
urinary tract obstruction
91
In urinary tract obstructions, the blockage will be ___ (below) dilated structures
distal
92
-ectasis
dilatation
93
dilatation of the calices
caliectasis
94
dilatation of the pelvis
pelvicaliectasis
95
dilatation of the pelvis and calices
pelvocaliectasis
96
most common congenital location of a blockage in pediatrics
ureteropelvic junction
97
A blockage at the _____ shows dilatation of the renal pelvis, showing hydronephrosis only
ureteropelvic junction
98
A blockage at the ureteropelvic junction shows dilatation of the ____, showing:
renal pelvis hydronephrosis only
99
Most common location of a blockage in the collecting system for adults
ureterovesicular junction
100
A blockage at the _____ shows dilatation of the ureter and eventually hydronephrosis.
ureterovesicular junction

ARDMS (55 decks)

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