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ARRT abdomen 13 Flashcards

1
Q

The cremaster and deferential arteries supply:

A

walls and ducts of scrotum and testicles

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2
Q

The ____ drains the testes.

A

pampiniform plexus

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3
Q

The pampiniform plexus drains into the:

A

testicular veins (spermatic veins)

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4
Q

The right testicular vein drains into:

A

IVC

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5
Q

The left testicular vein drains into:

A

left renal vein

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6
Q

The longest pelvic vein is:

A

left testicular vein

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7
Q

The testes are surrounded by _____ and _____

A

tunica albuginea
tunica vaginalis

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8
Q

The _____ of the scrotum appears as an echogenic focus in transverse and linear in sagittal.

A

mediastinum

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9
Q

Can be seen when prominent as a hypoechoic line running through the middle of the mediastinum

A

transmediastinal (or centripetal) vessel

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10
Q

The head of the epididymis is imaged ____ to the testes

A

Superior

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11
Q

The epididymis measures approximately ___ mm

A

12

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12
Q

The body of the epididymis runs ____ to the testes

A

Posteriorly

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13
Q

The tail of the epididymis runs ____ to the testes

A

Inferiorly

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14
Q

Excess fluid located between layers of the tunica vaginalis

A

Hydrocele

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15
Q

A hydrocele is excess fluid located between layers of the tunica vaginalis. This area is called _____

A

Cavum vaginale

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16
Q

Most common acute scrotal pain in prebuscent boys

A

Appendix testes torsion

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17
Q

The _____, _____, and ____ are all appendages of the testes and can twist, cutting off blood supply.

A

Appendix testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens

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18
Q

Clinical symptoms of appendix testes torsion

A

Acute pain
Blue dot sign

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19
Q

What is the blue dot sign in appendix testes torsion?

A

Visible blue dot on skin surface

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20
Q

Sonographic signs of appendix testes torsion

A

Avascular mass adjacent to testicle
Normal intratesticle flow
Reactive hydrocele

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21
Q

Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adolescents

A

Testicular torsion

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22
Q

Testicular torsion is also known as:

A

Spermatic cord torsion

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23
Q

Arterial blood supply cut off due to twisting of the testicle

A

Testicular torsion

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24
Q

When does testicular torsion most often happen?

A

During sleep, awakened in night by pain

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25
Testicular torsion is fixed by:
Orchioplexy
26
After ___, the testicles are not salvageable in testicular torsion
24 hours
27
No posterior fixation of testicle to posterior wall, higher risk of torsion and may be bilateral
Bell-Clapper deformity
28
Clinical symptoms of testicular torsion
Acute pain Scrotal swelling Nausea and vomiting
29
Sonographic appearance of testicular torsion
Enlarged hypoechoic or heterogeneous testicle with decreased (incomplete) or absent (complete) intratesticular flow
30
Most common cause of acute scrotal pain in adults
Epididymitis
31
Most common reason for epididymitis
STDs
32
Clinical symptoms of epididymitis
Acute pain Infection signs (fever, leukocytosis, swelling) Dysuria
33
Sonographic appearance of epididymitis
Enlarged hypoechoic epididymis with hyperemia If extended into testicle (orchitis), then also enlarged, hypoechoic, and hyperemic Reactive hydrocele
34
Complications of epididymitis
Abscess Pyocele
35
Complex intratesticular mass with peripheral flow only
Abscess
36
Complex hydrocele containing pus
Pyocele
37
Most common in prebuscents Enlarged extratesticular mass with no flow
Appendix testes torsion
38
Most common in adolescents Enlarged testicle and epdidymis with no flow
Testicular torsion
39
Most common in adults Enlarged epididymis and testicle with lots of flow
Epididymitis/orchitis
40
Types of testicular trauma
Intraparenchymal hemorrhage Hematoma Rupture Fracture
41
In testicular trauma, assess for interruption of the _____
Tunica albuginea
42
Complex or Echogenic hydrocele filled with blood
Hematocele
43
Undescended testicles
Cryptorchidism
44
Most common location of cryptorchidism
Inguinal canal
45
Surgical correction of cryptorchidism
Orchiopexy
46
Cryptorchidism has an increased risk of developing what kind of cancer?
Seminoma
47
Most common scrotal mass
Spermatocele
48
Spermatoceles are most often found in:
Epididymal head
49
An ___ cyst can be found anywhere in the epididymis
Epididymal
50
A _____ cyst is found along the periphery of the testicle
Tunica albuginea
51
Dilated venous collaterals within scrotum
Varicoceles
52
Varicoceles are dilated collaterals of more than __mm
2
53
In a varicocele, the ____ is “backed up”
Pampiniform plexus
54
Varicoceles are found ____ to testicles
Lateral
55
Most common cause of correctable male infertility due to heating of sperm
Varicocele
56
The _____ or ____ will increase abdominal pressure and cause venous blood to reflux back indicating a varicocele.
Valsalva maneuver Standing
57
A primary Varicocele is caused by:
Incompetent valves
58
A primary varicocele is most likely on the ____ since this testicular vein is longer
Left
59
A secondary varicocele is caused by:
Other pathology in abdomen/pelvis
60
When a varicocele is on the right, it warrants investigation of:
Renal or retroperitoneum
61
Mobile calcification within tunica vaginalis
Scrotal pearl
62
A scrotal pearl is:
Remnant of torsed appendage
63
An ______ may descend into scrotum
Indirect Inguinal hernia
64
The _____ will push hernia further into scrotal sac
Valsalva maneuver
65
An Inguinal-scrotal hernia may be seen as ___ or ____ superior to testicles
Fat Bowel
66
Types of extratesticular cysts
Spermatocele Epididymal cyst Tunica albuginea cyst Varicoceles Scrotal pearl
67
Visible, dilated rete testes along mediastinum, usually seen as a cluster along side of testes
Tubular ectasia of rete testes
68
Tubular ectasia of rete testes may be seen in patients that had had:
Vasectomy
69
Cyst that has an onion layer or “whorled” appearance
Epidermoid cyst
70
Diffuse microcalcifications within testicles, asymptomatic, increased risk of testicular cancer
Microlithiasis
71
Types of intratesticular cysts
Tubular ectasia of rete testes Epidermoid cysts Microlithiasis
72
Solid masses of testicle are most likely:
Malignant germ cell tumors
73
What labs are most likely elevated in testicular cancer?
HcG and/or AFP
74
Most common testicular malignancy
Seminoma
75
Risk factors of Seminoma
History of cryptorchidism Microcalcifications
76
Clinical signs of testicular cancer
Palpable mass Elevated HcG
77
Sonographic appearance of testicular cancer
Solid, hypoechoic or heterogeneous intratesticular mass
78
A _____ of the testicle has elevated AFP only
Yolk sac tumor
79
_____ of the testicle has elevated HcG only.
Choriocarcinoma
80
______ of the testicle has elevated HcG and AFP.
Embryonal cell carcinoma
81
Dense fibrous covering of the penis
Buck fascia
82
The penis is made up of paired _____ (dorsal) covered by ____
Corpus cavernosa Tunica albuginea
83
The singular corpus spongiosum (ventral) that contains the ____
Urethra
84
Arterial blood for the penis is supplied by the:
Internal pudendal artery
85
Fibrous plaque (hard tissue) and scarring of tunica albuginea causing painful curvature of penis
Peyronie disease
86
Penile fracture caused by blunt force trauma
Penile trauma
87
In penile trauma, the ____ may be hemorrhaged
Corpus cavernosum
88
In penile trauma it is important to evaluate the ____ for irregularity.
Tunica albuginea
89
Arterial insufficiency caused by proximal arterial stenosis or venous incompetence caused by venous leak in the penis
Vasculogenic impotence
90
The prostate is a ___peritoneal organ.
Retro
91
The prostate is an ___ gland.
Exocrine
92
The prostate is responsible for:
Making semen
93
Protein produced by prostate
Protein-specific antigen (PSA)
94
_____ (vas deferens) ascends from the scrotum and goes to seminal vesicles.
Deferent duct
95
The deferent duct (vas deferens) ascends from scrotum and goes to:
Seminal vesicles
96
The ____ secretes fluid and then turns into the ejaculatory duct.
Seminal vesicles
97
The seminal vesicles secretes fluid and then becomes the _____
Ejaculatory duct
98
The _____ travels to the prostate where it meets with urethra at verumontanum.
Ejaculatory duct
99
The ejaculatory duct travels to the _____ where it meets with urethra at veromontanum
Prostate
100
The ejaculatory duct travels to the prostate where it meets with the ____ at the verumontanum.
Urethra

ARDMS (55 decks)

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