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ARRT abdomen 10 Flashcards

1
Q

hypokalemia

A

low potassium

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2
Q

low potassium

A

hypokalemia

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3
Q

hyperfunctioning medullary tumor of adrenal gland

A

pheochromocytoma

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4
Q

too much epinephrine and norepinephrine, like a constant adrenaline rush

A

pheochromocytoma

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5
Q

Clinical symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

uncontrollable hypertension
tachycardia
tremors
sweating
headaches
anxiety

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6
Q

Sonographic appearance of pheochromocytoma

A

large
hyperechoic
may be heterogeneous

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7
Q

____ is rare in adults and typically will present with Cushing syndrome

A

Adrenal carcinoma

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8
Q

Ectopic or accessory adrenal tissue

A

Adrenal rests

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9
Q

Adrenal rests may be found on the _____

A

testicles

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10
Q

most common extracranial malignancy in pediatrics

A

neuroblastoma

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11
Q

Neuroblastoma is most common “extracranial” because it technically can be in any location as it is a _____ cancer.

A

nervous system

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12
Q

The most common location of a neuroblastoma is:

A

adrenal glands

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13
Q

Neuroblastomas are typically found in children aged:

A

less than 5 years old

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14
Q

clinical symptoms of neuroblastoma

A

palpable mass
pain

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15
Q

Neuroblastoma may be related to:

A

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

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16
Q

Sonographic appearance of neuroblastoma

A

large, heterogeneous mass
liver metastasis

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17
Q

Neuroblastoma is the most common _____ cancer in pediatrics.

A

EXTRACRANIAL

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18
Q

Nephroblastoma is the most common ____ cancer in pediatrics.

A

ABDOMINAL

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19
Q

______ is the most common abdominal cancer in pediatrics

A

nephroblastoma

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20
Q

most common adrenal pathology in newborns

A

adrenal hemorrhage

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21
Q

spontaneous hemorrhage in stressed neonates especially after traumatic birth or perinatal anoxia

A

adrenal hemorrhage

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22
Q

clinical symptoms of adrenal hemorrhage:

A

neonate
decreased hematocrit
drop in blood pressure

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23
Q

Sonographic appearance of adrenal hemorrhage

A

varied echotexture depending on age

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24
Q

The abdominal aorta originates at the:

A

crus of the diaphragm

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25
The first branch of the abdominal aorta is:
celiac artery/axis/trunk
26
Celiac artery branches:
common hepatic artery left gastric artery splenic artery
27
"seagull" sign
celiac trunk with common hepatic artery and splenic artery in transverse
28
Superior mesenteric artery arises ____ to celiac artery
inferior
29
Renal branches arise just below or distal to the:
superior mesenteric artery
30
The renal arteries are ____ to the renal veins
posterior
31
The right renal artery is ____ to the IVC
posterior
32
innermost layer of artery, covered by endothelium
intima
33
Thickest layer of the artery, made of smooth muscle and connective tissue, middle layer
media
34
outer, fibrous connective tissue of the artery, contains vasa vasorum
externa/adventitia
35
3 layers of an artery
intima media externa/adventitia
36
tiny vessels that supply blood to vessel walls
vasa vasorum
37
Organs require ____ perfusion (flow)
constant
38
Any artery feeding an organ will be ___ resistance
low
39
Low resistance means more ____ flow.
volume
40
The greater the diastolic flow, the ____ the resistance.
lower
41
The ___ diastolic flow, there is, the higher the pulsatility
less
42
increased end diastolic velocity decreased resistive index decreased pulsatility index decreased impedance
low resistance
43
decreased end diastolic flow diastolic flow reversal absent diastole increased resistive index increased pulsatility index increased impedance
high resistance
44
Low resistance arteries (5)
celiac trunk hepatic artery splenic artery renal arteries post-prandial SMA
45
High resistance arteries (3)
infrarenal aorta iliac arteries fasting/pre-prandial SMA
46
AAA measures greater than
3 cm
47
True aneurysm
all 3 layers are dilated
48
Most common AAA
fusiform
49
Most common location AAA
infrarenal
50
Most common cause of AAA
atherosclerosis
51
Clinical symptoms of AAA
abdominal/back pain bounding abdominal pulsation
52
Sonographic appearance of AAA
dilatation >3cm may have internal thrombus
53
overall vessel enlargement AAA
fusiform
54
most common type of AAA
fusiform
55
sac-like dilatation or outpouching of aorta
saccular
56
AAA with high risk of rupture, critical report needed
> 6cm
57
Normal iliac arteries measurement
1.0-1.2 cm
58
True lumen measured ____ wall to ____ wall and ____ to axis of aorta
outer outer perpendicular
59
separation or tear of intima from the medial layer aorta
aortic dissection
60
weakening of walls of aorta increased risk of aneurysms and dissections
Marfan Syndrome
61
Clinical symptoms of aortic dissection
severe abdominal, chest, and back pain
62
Sonographic appearance of aortic dissection
intimal flap or lining floating inside aorta
63
puncture through all 3 layers creating a pulsating hematoma connected by a neck or channel to the native artery
pseudoaneurysm
64
When do pseudoaneurysms often occur?
procedure or trauma
65
Sonographic appearance of pseudoaneurysm
pocket of swirling blood with communicating neck or channel to artery bidirectional flow/ to and fro pattern
66
connection between artery and vein most often following trauma or interventional procedures
arteriovenous malformation/fistula
67
flow patterns will be low resistance in the artery, high velocity/turbulent through the connection with arterial-like and pulsatile waveform of the outflow vein
arteriovenous malformation/fistula
68
arterial obstruction in celiac trunk and SMA
mesenteric ischemia
69
Signs of arterial stenosis
elevated velocities spectral broadening
70
Clinical symptoms of mesenteric ischemia
post-prandial pain weight loss
71
Sonographic signs of mesenteric ischemia
abnormal flow patterns elevated velocities in CA or SMA abnormal waveform resistance in post-prandial SMA prominently seen IMA
72
The IVC is formed by the union of:
common iliac veins
73
The renal veins drain into the ___
IVC
74
The left renal vein crosses ___ to the aorta and ____ to the SMA
anterior posterior
75
The most superior contribution to the IVC
hepatic veins
76
The IVC terminates when draining into:
right atrium
77
The normal IVC measures up to ___ cm and varies in size with respiration
2.5
78
Venous flow becomes more ____ as it gets closer to the heart
pulsatile
79
The ____ system is unrelated to the IVC system.
portal venous
80
"playboy" sign
hepatic vein and IVC enlargement
81
The IVC is considered enlarged if measures more than:
2.5 cm
82
IVC enlargement is caused by:
right sided heart failure
83
IVC tumor thrombus is related to ____ or hypernephroma and _____ or nephroblastoma
renal cell carcinoma Wilms tumor
84
IVC tumor thrombus happens because of cancer invasion via:
renal veins
85
venal caval filter or Greenfield tumor placed in ____ IVC
infrarenal
86
reduces risk of pulmonary embolism in high risk patients
IVC filter
87
Where do you look for Nutcracker syndrome?
left renal vein
88
Where do you look for tardus parvus renal artery stenosis?
segmental artery
89
Where do you look for post-prandial pain?
SMA or celiac
90
Where do you look for solid renal mass?
IVC by the renal artery
91
Where do you look for Greenfield filter?
IVC or infrarenal IVC
92
Where do you put the calipers to measure for AAA?
outer borders perpendicular to axis of aorta
93
_____ sonography useful in determining normal from abnormal bowel.
Graded compression
94
GUT SIGNATURE inner to outer
superficial mucosa deep mucosa submucosa muscularis serosa
95
Superficial mucosa sonographic appearance
Echogenic
96
Deep mucosa sonographic appearance
hypoechoic
97
Submucosa sonographic appearance
echogenic
98
Muscularis sonographic appearance
hypoechoic
99
Serosa sonographic appearance
echogenic
100
inflammation of the vermiform appendix
acute appendicitis

ARDMS (55 decks)

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