ARRT abdomen 7 Flashcards
Irritation, obstruction and back ups, and infections are associated with what part of the kidney?
collecting system
What lab values are abnormal with compromised renal function?
blood urea nitrogen
creatinine
elevated BUN/creatinine and other symptoms of poor renal function such as hypertension and decreased glomerular filtration rate
Azotemia
pyuria
pus
bacteriauria
bacteria
hematuria
blood
proteinuria
protein
Pyuria is indicated of:
infection
bacteriuria is indicative of:
infection
hematuria is indicative of:
damage (stones/tumor)
proteinuria is indicative of:
masses/infection
irritation of collecting system clinical symptoms
stones
pain
hematuria
obstruction of collecting system clinical symptoms
stones/tumor
pain
hematuria
dilated structures
acute -itis
infection
acute renal failure is also known as:
acute kidney injury
Most common cause of acute renal failure:
acute tubular necrosis
Clinical symptoms of acute renal failure include:
elevated BUN/creatinine
hypertension
oliguria
hypovolemia
edema
Sonographic features of acute kidney failure include:
initially normal
increased echogenicity of cortex
Most common cause of chronic renal failure is:
diabetes mellitus
Gradual decline in renal function due to damage of parenchyma
chronic renal failure
clinical signs of chronic renal failure include:
diabetes mellitus
elevated BUN/creatinine
hypertension
hyperkalemia
hyperkalemia
high potassium
Sonographic features of chronic kidney failure:
small, echogenic kidneys
cortical thickening (<10 mm)
may have small cysts
loss of corticomedullary differentiation
Cysts replace normal renal ____ which affects renal function.
parenchyma
congenital renal condition found in neonates ONLY, if they survive to birth they will already be in renal failure
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease is also known as:
infantile polycystic kidney disease
Clinical signs of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease
elevated BUN/creatinine
renal failure
Sonographic features of autosomal recessive PKD:
bilateral, enlarged, echogenic (microcystic) kidneys
congenital, develop cysts mid-age (30s)
autosomal dominant PKD
autosomal dominant PKD is also known as
Adult PKD
Gradual decline in renal function with cysts developing in mid 30s
autosomal dominant PKD
clinical symptoms of adult pkd
elevated BUN/creatinine
poor renal function
sonographic features of autosomal dominant PKD
bilateral, enlarged cystic kidneys
Multicystic renal dysplasia is also known as:
multicystic dysplastic kidney disease
1 cystic kidney, congenital, if both kidneys cystic = fatal
multicystic renal dysplasia
clinical signs of multicystic renal dysplasia include:
none (unilateral condition)
Sonographic features of multicystic renal dysplasia:
unilateral cystic kidney
compensatory hypertrophy of contralateral kidney
caused by chronic hemodialysis
acquired renal cystic disease
clinical symptoms of acquired renal cystic disease
diabetes mellitus
elevated BUN/creatinine
hypertension
hyperkalemia
Sonographic features of acquired renal cystic disease
small, bright kidneys with small cysts
Neonates only
bilateral big and bright kidneys
elevated BUN/creatinine
ARPKD
found in adults
bilateral big and cystic kidneys
elevated BUN/creatinine
ADPKD
can be found in anyone
unilateral big and cystic kidney
normal labs
Multicystic renal dysplasia
Chronic renal failure/hemodialysis
bilateral small/cystic kidneys
elevated BUN/creatinine
Acquired renal cystic disease
most common renal mass
cyst
Complex cyst features
septations
internal debris
papillary projections
although NOT a renal condition, may cause multiple cysts in a variety of organs including the kidneys,
Von-Hippel Lindau
exo
outside
____ cysts project away from the kidney.
Exophytic
____ cysts arise from the cortex of the kidney
cortical
Larger ____ cysts will bulge outwards and distort the contour of the kidney.
cortical
Cysts adjacent to renal pelvis
parapelvic
____ cysts bulge inwards into renal pelvis
parapelvic
parApelvic cysts are located:
Adjacent to renal pelvis
Cysts that arise from inside of the renal pelvis
Peripelvic
____ cysts may mimic hydronephrosis or even cause it
peripelvic
perIpelvic cysts are located:
Inside of pelvis
angiomyolipomas are also known as:
hamartomas
most common benign renal tumor
angiomyolipoma
Angiomyolipomas are made up of ___, ___, and ____.
blood vessels
muscle
fat
Sonographic features of angiomyolipomas
echogenic
well-circumscribed
If angiomyolipomas are found on bilateral kidneys it is:
tuberous sclerosis
Mesonephric blastoma is also known as a:
hamartoma
Most common benign renal tumor in pediatrics
mesonephric blastoma
tumor made of fat
lipoma
A ____ has a similar appearance to an angiomyolipoma
lipoma
second most common benign renal mass
oncocytomas
Oncocytomas are most commonly found in:
older men
A stellate (star) shaped central scar with vascularity
oncocytomas
benign version of renal cell carcinoma
adenoma
“bleed” from trauma, surgery, or lithotripsy
hematoma
An intraparenchymal hematoma is also known as:
renal fracture
hypoechoic hematoma located within the parenchyma of the kidney
intraparenchymal hematoma
A hematoma located around the capsule of the kidney
subcapsular hematoma
A hematoma found within the gerota fascia
Perinephric hematoma
A hematoma located on the anterior or posterior aspect of the kidney
pararenal hematoma
Clinical signs of a hematoma
trauma or biopsy history
decreased hematocrit
pain
Sonographic features of a hematoma
anechoic to echogenic depending on age
old hematomas may calcify and shadow
accumulation of calcium in parenchyma
nephrocalcinosis
most common type on nephrocalcinosis
medullary nephrocalcinosis
happens when pyramids absorb too much calcium
medullary nephrocalcinosis
Acquired medullary nephrocalcinosis is caused by:
hypercalcemia and hyperparathyroidism
_____ control level of calcium in the blood
Parathyroids
An overactive parathyroid or adenoma leads to:
hypercalcemia
What part of the kidney absorbs calcium?
medullary pyramids
Congenital medullary nephrocalcinosis
medullary sponge kidney
Collecting tubules of pyramids are dysplastic eventually leading to calcium deposits
congenital medullary nephrocalcinosis
Sonographic appearance of medullary nephrocalcinosis
echogenic pyramids
calcium deposits (small echogenic foci) diffusely within the cortex
cortical nephrocalcinosis
Key symptoms of infection when acute or active:
fever
leuko
pain
pyelo=
pelvis
infection of the collecting system
acute pyelonephritis
most common cause of acute pyelonephritis:
ascending UTI from the bladder
Infection that started in the bladder, traveled up through the ureters, and now in kidney
pyelonephritis
Clinical symptoms of pyelonephritis include:
bacteriauria
pyuria
dysuria
flank/back pain
fever
Sonographic signs of pyelonephritis:
initially normal, may have regions of altered echogenicity
Complications of pyelonephritis include:
pyonephrosis
perinephric abscess
emphysematous pyelonephritis
pus, or purulent material, dilating the collecting system
pyonephrosis
focal collection of pus adjacent to kidney
perinephric abscess
emphysema =
air
