ARRT abdomen 11 Flashcards
blinded ended tube extending from cecum
vermiform appendix
most common cause of acute abdominal pain resulting in surgery
acute appendicitis
Where is the McBurney point?
RLQ between anterior superior iliac spine and umbilicus
The McBurney point is associated with what pathology?
acute appendicitis
Clinical symptoms of acute appendicitis:
rebound pain at McBurney point
fever
nausea vomiting
leukocytosis
Sonographic appearance of acute appendicitis
non-compressible blind ended tube
>6mm in diameter
hyperemia
may also have appendicloth
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is also called:
gastric outlet obstruction
enlargement or thickening of the pyloric sphincter
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
channel that empties into the duodenum
hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis is most commonly seen in:
male patients less than 2 months old
clinical symptoms of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
projectile, non-bilious vomiting
palpable olive sign
weight loss
dehydration
Sonographic appearance of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
pyloric wall measuring more than or equal to 3mm
Channel measuring more than or equal to 17 mm
“cervix” sign in long axis view
“target” sign in short axis view
In hypertrophic pyloric stenosis the pyloric wall measures more than or equal to:
3mm
In hypertrophic pyloric stenosis the channel will measure more than or equal to:
17mm
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis sign in long axis view
cervix sign
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis sign in short axis view
target sign
In hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, the fluid will not move from the ___ through the _____
stomach
channel
small bowel “twisted” or rotated abnormally around SMA; clinically similar to pyloric stenosis, but with bilious vomiting; upper GI radiography used for diagnosis
midgut malrotation/volvulus
telescoping of one part of bowel into another
intussception
most common intestinal obstruction in pediatrics less than 2 years old
intussception
Most common location for intussception
ileocolic (RLQ)
Clinical symptoms of intussception
abdominal pain
red currant jelly stools
vomiting (bilious)
Sonographic appearance of intussception
non-compressible target sign with rings
danger of blood flow being interrupted
non-compressible target sign with rings
cinnamon bun sign
blood flow being interrupted in the small bowel
bowel ischemia
abdominal distention and fluid filled loops of bowel
intestinal obstruction
Mechanical intestinal obstruction
physical blockage
increased peristalsis noted
Non-mechanical intestinal obstruction
paralytic ileus
functional problem
lack of peristalsis
most common inflammatory disease of small bowel
Crohn’s disease
inflammation of the small outpouchings in bowel
diverticulitis
Most common location of diverticulitis
colon
The abdominal wall consists of paired _____ covered by ____
rectus abdominis muscles
rectus sheath
The rectus abdominus muscles are connected in the center by:
linea alba
fibrous band that runs vertical in the midline
linea alba
rupture of rectus abdominis muscle due to trauma, blood collection will be found within sheath
rectus sheath hematoma
interruption or defect in continuity of linea alba
linea alba hernia
Hernia can be ___, ___, or ____
fat
fluid
bowel
When something goes into an area it’s not supposed to _____ can be useful as it will “push” it further into wherever its herniated
valsalva
Where is a linea alba hernia located?
midline superior to umbilicus/epigastrium
Where is spigelian hernia located?
spontaneous lateral/ventral/inferior to umbilicus
Where is inguinal hernia located?
groin (direct)
scrotum (indirect)
Where is umbilical hernia located?
protrudes into umbilicus
Normal lungs are not seen on ultrasound due to:
air
The pleural space is superior to the:
diaphragm
fluid within the pleural space, around the lung
pleural effusion
In a pleural effusion, fluid is dependent, so in the supine patient it will be seen in:
the corner superior to diaphragm
Pleural effusion is ___ to the diaphragm
superior
Ascites is ____ to the diaphragm
inferior
Fluid next to diaphragm on superior side
pleural effusion
Fluid between diaphragm and liver or spleen
ascites
procedure done under US guidance to drain fluid in thorax
thoracentesis
Patient positioning for thoracentesis
sitting position, leaning forward
Thorax is typically drained from ____ approach in largest pocket, avoiding lung.
posterior
free air within chest
pneumothorax
lungs filled with fluid, inflammation, or tumor and no longer filled with air
lung consolidation
lymph node enlargement >1 cm
lymphadenopathy
Aorta and IVC sandwiched between lymphadenopathy
“sandwich” sign
When inside great vessel compartment, lymphadenopathy causes displacement of the aorta and IVC ____
anteriorly
fibrous hypoechoic thickening of retroperitoneum
retroperitoneal fibrosis
Retroperitoneal fibrous is most often seen:
anterior to abdominal aorta
When retroperitoneal fibrosis is found, the kidneys should be checked for:
hydronephrosis
Most common location of retroperitoneal hematoma
psoas muscle
The psoas muscle is located:
posterior to kidney
clinical symptoms of retroperitoneal hematoma
decreased hematocrit
salivary glands are ____ glands
exocrine
exocrine glands that produce saliva
salivary glands
3 paired glands make up the salivary glands:
parotids
submandibular
sublingual
Largest of 3 paired glands that make up salivary glands
parotids
The ____ are located anterior to ears, extending inferiorly
parotid glands
Normal sonographic appearance of salivary glands
hyperechoic to surrounding muscles
The thyroid is an _____ gland.
endocrine
The thyroid is primarily responsible for:
regulating metabolism
The ____ send TSH to regulate thyroid hormone production
pituitary gland
The anterior pituitary releases:
thyroid stimulating hormone
The thyroid + ____ produces thyroxine T4, Triiodothyronine T3, and calcitonin.
iodine
The thyroid +iodine produces ____, ____, and ____
thyroxine T4
Triiodothyronine T3
Calcitonin
The superior thyroid artery arises from the _____ lateral to the thyroid.
external carotid artery
The inferior thyroid artery arises from ______
subclavian artery
superior extension of the isthmus
pyramidal lobe
The thyroid is ____ and _____ compared to adjacent muscles
homogeneous
echogenic
The isthmus normally measures up to ___ but normal is up to ___
6mm
10mm
The esophagus can be distinguished from a mass by:
having the patient swallow
Strap muscles
sternohyoid
sternothyroid
The strap muscles are located ____ to each side of thyroid.
strap muscles
The _____ are located lateral to each side of thyroid.
sternocleidomastoid
The _____ muscles are located posterior to each side of thyroid.
longus colli
The common carotid artery is located ____ to each side of thyroid.
lateral
The ____ is located posterior to isthmus
trachea
The ______ glands are located posterior to each side of thyroid.
parathyroid
The nerves are located _____ to each side of thyroid.
posteromedial
The _____ is located posteromedial to left side of neck.
esophagus
superior extension of isthmus
pyramidal lobe
general term for enlarged thyroid
goiter
The isthmus is considered thickened if measures over
10 mm
Goiter may be caused by ___, ____, or _____
iodine deficiency
Grave’s disease
Hashimoto’s disease
Clinical symptoms of goiter
palpable swelling
feeling of tightness
hoarse voice
Sonographic appearance of goiter
diffusely heterogeneous with isthmus >10mm
Graves disease is also known as:
diffuse toxic goiter
Most common cause of hyperthyroidism
Graves disease
refers to hypervascularity that is characteristic to Graves disease or hyperthyroidism
thyroid inferno
