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Flashcards Davies Abdomen

1
Q

define hyperechoic

A

echogenicity that is greater than reference structure

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2
Q

define hypoechoic

A

echogenicity that is less than reference structure

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3
Q

define anechoic

A

(sonolucent) absence of echoes

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4
Q

define isoechoic

A

echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure

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5
Q

echogenicity that is greater than reference structure

A

hyperechoic

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6
Q

echogenicity that is less than reference structure

A

hypoechoic

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7
Q

(sonolucent) absence of echoes

A

anechoic

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8
Q

echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure

A

isoechoic

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9
Q

The sequence of echogenicity of abdominal structures from hyperechoic to hypoechoic is:

A

renal sinus
pancreas
liver
spleen
renal cortex

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10
Q

The sequence of echogenicity of abdominal structures from hypoechoic to hyperechoic is:

A

renal cortex
spleen
liver
pancreas
renal sinus

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11
Q

What is Couinaud’s anatomy?

A

the universal system for hepatic lesion localization.

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12
Q

Couinaud’s anatomy is based on what?

A

functional distribution of portal veins

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13
Q

Each segment in Couinaud’s anatomy has its own:

A

hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct

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14
Q

the universal system for hepatic lesion localization

A

Couinaud’s anatomy

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15
Q

Couinaud’s anatomy is based on the functional distribution of ________

A

portal veins

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16
Q

Which portion of the liver receives both right and left portal branches?

A

Caudate lobe

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17
Q

The _____ lobe receives both right and left portal branches.

A

caudate

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18
Q

The ____ lobe drains directly into the IVC

A

caudate

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19
Q

Which lobe of the liver drains directly into the IVC?

A

caudate

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20
Q

Where does the caudate lobe drain?

A

directly into the IVC via the emissary veins

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21
Q

The liver’s covering is called:

A

Glissons capsule

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22
Q

What is another term besides Glissons capsule for the covering of the liver?

A

visceral peritoneum

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23
Q

the peritoneal covering which folds back, or reflects, to cover abdominal organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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24
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum?

A

the peritoneal covering which folds back, or reflects, to cover abdominal organs

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25
Q

What is the parietal peritoneum?

A

the lining of the abdominal cavity

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26
Q

The lining of the abdominal cavity is called:

A

parietal peritoneum

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27
Q

Explain exactly how the covering of the liver (Glissons capsule) is created.

A

The liver, like the spleen, invaginates into the peritoneum, which covers the surface of the liver.

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28
Q

Define hepatopedal

A

portal vein flow toward the liver

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29
Q

define hepatofugal

A

portal vein flow away from the liver

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30
Q

portal vein flow toward the liver

A

hepatopedal

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31
Q

portal vein flow away from the liver

A

hepatofugal

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32
Q

Name the three lobes of the liver

A

right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe

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33
Q

Name the nine segments of the liver

A

caudate
left lateral superior segment
left lateral inferior segment
left medial superior segment
left medial inferior segment
right anterior superior segment
right anterior inferior segment
right posterior superior segment
right posterior inferior segment

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34
Q

Which vessels are considered to be intersegmental within the liver?

A

hepatic veins

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35
Q

Hepatic veins:
intersegmental or intrasegmental?

A

intersegmental

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36
Q

Which vessels are considered to be intrasegmental within the liver?

A

portal veins

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37
Q

Portal veins:
intrasegmental or intersegmental?

A

intrasegmental

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38
Q

What three vessels form the portal triad?

A

hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct

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39
Q

The hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct are also known as:

A

portal triad

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40
Q

Describe the location of the main lobar fissure

A

incomplete sonographic boundary which can be located by an imaginary line from the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava.

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41
Q

The _______ separates the right and left lobes of the liver.

A

main lobar fissure

42
Q

The main lobar fissure separates the ____ and ____ lobes of the liver

43
Q

The ______ is a landmark of the main lobar fissure.

A

middle hepatic vein

44
Q

The middle hepatic vein is a landmark of the _______

A

main lobar fissure

45
Q

Which two segments of the liver does the main lobar fissure separate?

A

right anterior segment of the right lobe from the left medial segment of the left lobe

46
Q

What separates the right anterior segment of the right lobe from the left medial segment of the left lobe?

A

main lobar fissure

47
Q

Describe the location of the right intersegmental fissure

A

coronal division of the right lobe of the liver.

48
Q

coronal division of the right lobe of the liver

A

right intersegmental fissure

49
Q

The right intersegmental fissure divides:

A

right lobe into anterior and posterior sections.

50
Q

The ______ divides the right lobe of the liver into anterior and posterior sections.

A

right intersegmental fissure

51
Q

The right intersegmental fissure divides the right lobe the liver into ____ and ____ sections.

A

anterior
posterior

52
Q

Describe the location of the left intersegmental fissure.

A

sagittal division of the left lobe of the liver

53
Q

sagittal division of the left lobe of the liver

A

left intersegmental fissure

54
Q

The left intersegmental fissure divides the left lobe into ____ and _____ sections.

A

medial
lateral

55
Q

The _______ divides the left lobe into medial and lateral sections.

A

left intersegmental fissure

56
Q

Landmarks of the left intersegmental fissure

A

left hepatic vein
ligamentum teres
falciform ligament
ascending segment of left portal vein

57
Q

left hepatic vein
ligamentum teres
falciform ligament
ascending segment of left portal vein

A

landmarks of the left intersegmental fissure

58
Q

What is the ligamentum venosum?

A

a remnant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conducts blood from the left portal vein to the inferior vena cava.

59
Q

a remnant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conducts blood from the left portal vein to the inferior vena cava.

A

ligamentum venosum

60
Q

The _____ and _____ separate the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe.

A

ligamentum venosum
proximal portion of left portal vein

61
Q

The ligamentum venosum and the proximal portion of the left portal vein separate the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver from the _____ lobe.

62
Q

The ligamentum venosum and the proximal portion of the left portal vein separate the _____ segment of the left lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe.

63
Q

What are the boundaries of the caudate lobe?

A

Bordered:
posteriorly by the IVC
Anteroinferiorly by the proximal left portal vein
Anterolaterally by the ligamentum venosum
Inferiorly by the main portal vein

64
Q

The caudate lobe is bordered posteriorly by the:

65
Q

The caudate lobe is bordered anteroinferiorly by the:

A

proximal left portal vein

66
Q

The caudate lobe is bordered anterolaterally by the:

A

ligamentum venosum

67
Q

The caudate lobe is bordered inferiorly by the:

A

main portal vein

68
Q

What is the bare area?

A

the posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the peritoneum.

69
Q

The posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the peritoneum

70
Q

What is the coronary ligament?

A

the reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum

71
Q

the reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum

A

coronary ligament

72
Q

What are the right and left triangular ligaments?

A

The reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area

73
Q

The reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area

A

right and left triangular ligaments

74
Q

What is a Reidel’s lobe?

A

a liver anomaly, an inferior tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver. It increases the superior/ inferior dimension.

75
Q

a liver anomaly, an inferior tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver. It increases the superior/ inferior dimension.

A

Reidel’s lobe

76
Q

Typically, Reidel’s lobe is seen as:

A

the right lobe of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the right kidney

77
Q

the right lobe of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the right kidney

A

Reidel’s lobe

78
Q

Reidel’s lobe is more common in:

79
Q

What constitutes hepatomegaly?

A

A sagittal, superior-inferior, mid-clavicular dimension measurement of greater than 15.5 cm

80
Q

Hepatomegaly measures ___ cm or more

81
Q

enlarged liver

A

hepatomegaly

82
Q

______ are usually solitary, and occur in the right lobe of the liver. They are caused by bacteria which reach the liver via the bile ducts, portal veins, hepatic arteries, or lymphatic channels.

A

Pyogenic abscesses

83
Q

Sonographic appearance of pyogenic abscesses

A

hypoechoic, rounded, fluid-filled masses with variable degrees of internal echoes or debris. echogenic foci may be seen as a result of gas-producing organisms.

84
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of acute hepatitis

A

hypoechoic liver parenchyma
liver enlargement
hyperechoic portal vein walls

85
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of chronic hepatitis

A

hyperechoic liver parenchyma
small liver
decreased echogenicity of portal vein walls

86
Q

The ____ is commonly involved in the spread of mycotic (fungal) infections.

87
Q

The liver is commonly involved in the spread of _____ (fungal) infections.

88
Q

The liver is commonly involved in the spread of mycotic (fungal) infections. The infected patient is generally ______

A

immunocompromised

89
Q

What is the sonographic appearance of a fungal abscess?

A

wheel within a wheel
bulls eye
hypoechoic mass
echogenic mass

90
Q

The most recognized sign of a fungal abscess seen early in the development of the disease.

A

wheel within a wheel

91
Q

_____ are due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba histolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the colon.

A

Amoebic abscesses

92
Q

Amoebic abscesses are due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba histolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the ____

93
Q

The amoeba from an amoebic abscess may extend into the liver via the _____

A

portal vein

94
Q

Most ameobic abscesses occur in the ___ lobe of the liver

95
Q

______ test is used for diagnosis of ameobic abscesses.

A

indirect hemagglutination

96
Q

Describe the sonographic appearance of an amoebic abscess within the liver.

A

a round or oval-shaped hypoechoic mass
absence of a prominent wall
fine low-level internal echoes
distal enhancement
contiguous with diaphragm

97
Q

______ is prevalent in sheep and cattle raising countries.

A

Hydatid disease

98
Q

Humans are occasionally the hosts when the eggs are digested. The embryos travel from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, via the portal vein.

A

Hydatid disease

99
Q

In hydatid disease, the embryos travel from the gastroinestinal tract to the liver, via the _____

A

portal vein

100
Q

Describe the typical sonographic appearance of an echinococcal cyst.

A

large (pericyst) cyst, containing one or more smaller daughter cysts (endocysts). Fine, internal echoces (hydatid sand) are also found within these cysts. Undergoes a sequence of changes, ending as a collapsed calcified mass

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