Flashcards Davies Abdomen
1
Q
define hyperechoic
A
echogenicity that is greater than reference structure
2
Q
define hypoechoic
A
echogenicity that is less than reference structure
3
Q
define anechoic
A
(sonolucent) absence of echoes
4
Q
define isoechoic
A
echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure
5
Q
echogenicity that is greater than reference structure
A
hyperechoic
6
Q
echogenicity that is less than reference structure
A
hypoechoic
7
Q
(sonolucent) absence of echoes
A
anechoic
8
Q
echogenicity that is equal to the reference structure
A
isoechoic
9
Q
The sequence of echogenicity of abdominal structures from hyperechoic to hypoechoic is:
A
renal sinus
pancreas
liver
spleen
renal cortex
10
Q
The sequence of echogenicity of abdominal structures from hypoechoic to hyperechoic is:
A
renal cortex
spleen
liver
pancreas
renal sinus
11
Q
What is Couinaud’s anatomy?
A
the universal system for hepatic lesion localization.
12
Q
Couinaud’s anatomy is based on what?
A
functional distribution of portal veins
13
Q
Each segment in Couinaud’s anatomy has its own:
A
hepatic artery, portal vein, bile duct
14
Q
the universal system for hepatic lesion localization
A
Couinaud’s anatomy
15
Q
Couinaud’s anatomy is based on the functional distribution of ________
A
portal veins
16
Q
Which portion of the liver receives both right and left portal branches?
A
Caudate lobe
17
Q
The _____ lobe receives both right and left portal branches.
A
caudate
18
Q
The ____ lobe drains directly into the IVC
A
caudate
19
Q
Which lobe of the liver drains directly into the IVC?
A
caudate
20
Q
Where does the caudate lobe drain?
A
directly into the IVC via the emissary veins
21
Q
The liver’s covering is called:
A
Glissons capsule
22
Q
What is another term besides Glissons capsule for the covering of the liver?
A
visceral peritoneum
23
Q
the peritoneal covering which folds back, or reflects, to cover abdominal organs
A
visceral peritoneum
24
Q
What is the visceral peritoneum?
A
the peritoneal covering which folds back, or reflects, to cover abdominal organs
25
What is the parietal peritoneum?
the lining of the abdominal cavity
26
The lining of the abdominal cavity is called:
parietal peritoneum
27
Explain exactly how the covering of the liver (Glissons capsule) is created.
The liver, like the spleen, invaginates into the peritoneum, which covers the surface of the liver.
28
Define hepatopedal
portal vein flow toward the liver
29
define hepatofugal
portal vein flow away from the liver
30
portal vein flow toward the liver
hepatopedal
31
portal vein flow away from the liver
hepatofugal
32
Name the three lobes of the liver
right lobe
left lobe
caudate lobe
33
Name the nine segments of the liver
caudate
left lateral superior segment
left lateral inferior segment
left medial superior segment
left medial inferior segment
right anterior superior segment
right anterior inferior segment
right posterior superior segment
right posterior inferior segment
34
Which vessels are considered to be intersegmental within the liver?
hepatic veins
35
Hepatic veins:
intersegmental or intrasegmental?
intersegmental
36
Which vessels are considered to be intrasegmental within the liver?
portal veins
37
Portal veins:
intrasegmental or intersegmental?
intrasegmental
38
What three vessels form the portal triad?
hepatic artery
portal vein
bile duct
39
The hepatic artery, portal vein, and bile duct are also known as:
portal triad
40
Describe the location of the main lobar fissure
incomplete sonographic boundary which can be located by an imaginary line from the gallbladder fossa to the inferior vena cava.
41
The _______ separates the right and left lobes of the liver.
main lobar fissure
42
The main lobar fissure separates the ____ and ____ lobes of the liver
right
left
43
The ______ is a landmark of the main lobar fissure.
middle hepatic vein
44
The middle hepatic vein is a landmark of the _______
main lobar fissure
45
Which two segments of the liver does the main lobar fissure separate?
right anterior segment of the right lobe from the left medial segment of the left lobe
46
What separates the right anterior segment of the right lobe from the left medial segment of the left lobe?
main lobar fissure
47
Describe the location of the right intersegmental fissure
coronal division of the right lobe of the liver.
48
coronal division of the right lobe of the liver
right intersegmental fissure
49
The right intersegmental fissure divides:
right lobe into anterior and posterior sections.
50
The ______ divides the right lobe of the liver into anterior and posterior sections.
right intersegmental fissure
51
The right intersegmental fissure divides the right lobe the liver into ____ and ____ sections.
anterior
posterior
52
Describe the location of the left intersegmental fissure.
sagittal division of the left lobe of the liver
53
sagittal division of the left lobe of the liver
left intersegmental fissure
54
The left intersegmental fissure divides the left lobe into ____ and _____ sections.
medial
lateral
55
The _______ divides the left lobe into medial and lateral sections.
left intersegmental fissure
56
Landmarks of the left intersegmental fissure
left hepatic vein
ligamentum teres
falciform ligament
ascending segment of left portal vein
57
left hepatic vein
ligamentum teres
falciform ligament
ascending segment of left portal vein
landmarks of the left intersegmental fissure
58
What is the ligamentum venosum?
a remnant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conducts blood from the left portal vein to the inferior vena cava.
59
a remnant of the ductus venosus, which prenatally conducts blood from the left portal vein to the inferior vena cava.
ligamentum venosum
60
The _____ and _____ separate the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe.
ligamentum venosum
proximal portion of left portal vein
61
The ligamentum venosum and the proximal portion of the left portal vein separate the medial segment of the left lobe of the liver from the _____ lobe.
caudate
62
The ligamentum venosum and the proximal portion of the left portal vein separate the _____ segment of the left lobe of the liver from the caudate lobe.
medial
63
What are the boundaries of the caudate lobe?
Bordered:
posteriorly by the IVC
Anteroinferiorly by the proximal left portal vein
Anterolaterally by the ligamentum venosum
Inferiorly by the main portal vein
64
The caudate lobe is bordered posteriorly by the:
IVC
65
The caudate lobe is bordered anteroinferiorly by the:
proximal left portal vein
66
The caudate lobe is bordered anterolaterally by the:
ligamentum venosum
67
The caudate lobe is bordered inferiorly by the:
main portal vein
68
What is the bare area?
the posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the peritoneum.
69
The posterior, crescent-shaped portion of the liver which is not covered by the peritoneum
bare area
70
What is the coronary ligament?
the reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum
71
the reflection of the parietal peritoneum onto the liver surface, becoming the visceral peritoneum
coronary ligament
72
What are the right and left triangular ligaments?
The reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area
73
The reflections, or coronary ligaments, at each corners of the bare area
right and left triangular ligaments
74
What is a Reidel's lobe?
a liver anomaly, an inferior tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver. It increases the superior/ inferior dimension.
75
a liver anomaly, an inferior tongue-like projection of the right lobe of the liver. It increases the superior/ inferior dimension.
Reidel's lobe
76
Typically, Reidel's lobe is seen as:
the right lobe of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the right kidney
77
the right lobe of the liver extending beyond the lower pole of the right kidney
Reidel's lobe
78
Reidel's lobe is more common in:
women
79
What constitutes hepatomegaly?
A sagittal, superior-inferior, mid-clavicular dimension measurement of greater than 15.5 cm
80
Hepatomegaly measures ___ cm or more
15.5
81
enlarged liver
hepatomegaly
82
______ are usually solitary, and occur in the right lobe of the liver. They are caused by bacteria which reach the liver via the bile ducts, portal veins, hepatic arteries, or lymphatic channels.
Pyogenic abscesses
83
Sonographic appearance of pyogenic abscesses
hypoechoic, rounded, fluid-filled masses with variable degrees of internal echoes or debris. echogenic foci may be seen as a result of gas-producing organisms.
84
Describe the sonographic appearance of acute hepatitis
hypoechoic liver parenchyma
liver enlargement
hyperechoic portal vein walls
85
Describe the sonographic appearance of chronic hepatitis
hyperechoic liver parenchyma
small liver
decreased echogenicity of portal vein walls
86
The ____ is commonly involved in the spread of mycotic (fungal) infections.
liver
87
The liver is commonly involved in the spread of _____ (fungal) infections.
mycotic
88
The liver is commonly involved in the spread of mycotic (fungal) infections. The infected patient is generally ______
immunocompromised
89
What is the sonographic appearance of a fungal abscess?
wheel within a wheel
bulls eye
hypoechoic mass
echogenic mass
90
The most recognized sign of a fungal abscess seen early in the development of the disease.
wheel within a wheel
91
_____ are due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba histolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the colon.
Amoebic abscesses
92
Amoebic abscesses are due to protozoan parasites, entamoeba histolytica, which enter the intestinal tract and reside in the ____
colon
93
The amoeba from an amoebic abscess may extend into the liver via the _____
portal vein
94
Most ameobic abscesses occur in the ___ lobe of the liver
right
95
______ test is used for diagnosis of ameobic abscesses.
indirect hemagglutination
96
Describe the sonographic appearance of an amoebic abscess within the liver.
a round or oval-shaped hypoechoic mass
absence of a prominent wall
fine low-level internal echoes
distal enhancement
contiguous with diaphragm
97
______ is prevalent in sheep and cattle raising countries.
Hydatid disease
98
Humans are occasionally the hosts when the eggs are digested. The embryos travel from the gastrointestinal tract to the liver, via the portal vein.
Hydatid disease
99
In hydatid disease, the embryos travel from the gastroinestinal tract to the liver, via the _____
portal vein
100
Describe the typical sonographic appearance of an echinococcal cyst.
large (pericyst) cyst, containing one or more smaller daughter cysts (endocysts). Fine, internal echoces (hydatid sand) are also found within these cysts. Undergoes a sequence of changes, ending as a collapsed calcified mass
