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AP Psychology > Unit 8: Memory And Cognition > Flashcards

Unit 8: Memory And Cognition Flashcards

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1
Q

Cognitive Approach focuses on mental processes

A

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

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2
Q

Cognitive approach focuses on the belief that behavior is

A

Partially governed by the ways we interpret the events in the world

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3
Q

Memory

A

Persistence of learning over time, via the storage and retrieval of information

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4
Q

Memory gives us our sense of

A

Self and connects us to past experiences

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5
Q

Flashbulb memories

A

Clears memory of an emotionally significant event or moment

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6
Q

Emotion of the flashbulb memories are through the

A

Amygdala

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7
Q

Does the flashbulb memory help or hurt Freud?

A

Hurts because Freud believes in the unconscious

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8
Q

What are usually personally meaningful or historically significant?

A

Flashbulb memories

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9
Q

Episodic memory

A

Your specific memory of events that occur in your life

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10
Q

Flashbulb memory is a type of

A

Episodic memory

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11
Q

What is involved in the formation of episodic memories?

A

Hippocampus

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12
Q

How is memory similar to a computer?

A

Write to file, save to disk, read from disk

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13
Q

3 basic steps in memory

A

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

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14
Q

Encoding

A

Getting information into the memory system

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15
Q

Storage

A

The retention of the encoded information over time

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16
Q

Retrieval

A

Process of getting information out of the memory system

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17
Q

Stage one of processing model of memory

A

The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory

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18
Q

The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as

A

Sensory memory

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19
Q

Stage 2 of processing model of memory

A

Sensory memories are processed into SHORT TERM MEMORY your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information

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20
Q

You have to pay attention to move to

A

Short term memory

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21
Q

Stage 3 of processing model of memory

A

Short term memories are encoded into LONG TERM MEMORY, the relativity PERMANENT and LIMITLESS storehouse from which we retrieve.

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22
Q

Working memory

A

Similar to short term memory but foucuses on MANIPULATION of information

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23
Q

Working memory and short term memory are quite limited in

A

Capacity and duration

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24
Q

You can hold so much memory in your ______ ______ at one given time

A

Working memory

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25
Q

Magic number of working memory

A

7 +/- 2

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26
Q

2 types of process of encoding

A

Effortful and automatic

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27
Q

Automatic encoding: unconscious encoding of incidental information such as

A

Space, time, frequency

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28
Q

Automatic encoding: well-learned information such as

A

Word meanings

29
Q

Automatic encoding: we can learn automatic processing that is

A

Reading backwards

30
Q

Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice

A

It becomes automatic

31
Q

Automatic processing allows us to

A

Do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing

32
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

33
Q

Effortful processing example

A

Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc

34
Q

Encoding can be aided by

A

Maintenance rehearsal or even more effectively by elaborate rehearsal

35
Q

Maintenance rehearsal

A

Simple rote repetition of information in consciousness

36
Q

Level of effectiveness for maintenance rehearsal

A

Less affective

37
Q

Level of effectiveness for elaborate rehearsal

A

More effective

38
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

Processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories

39
Q

Examples for Elaborate rehearsal

A

Coming up with an example for a term

Definition in our own words

40
Q

Kind of memory experiments

A

Herman Ebbinghaus

41
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus wanted to research capacity of what memory?

A

Verbal memory

42
Q

Herman Ebbinghaus looked to study strings of

A

Non-sense syllables such as JIH, FUB, YOX, LEQ, VUM, etc

43
Q

Practice makes perfect!

A

The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2

44
Q

Over learning causes

A

Retention

45
Q

The spacing effect

A

Tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massive study/practice.

46
Q

In what effect does it show that spaced studying beats cramming?

A

The spacing effect

47
Q

Serial position effect

A

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

48
Q

Serial position effect example

A

Naming the presidents

49
Q

Ebbinghaus’s 3 findings

A

Practice makes perfect
The spacing effect
Serial position effect

50
Q

Serial position effect: Primacy Effect

A

Explains how we remember concepts at the beginning of a list since these are often the terms we have SEEN THE MOST when reviewing

51
Q

Recency effect

A

Explains how we remember concepts at the end of the list since these are the terms we have seen the most RECENTLY

52
Q

What position of the list is forgotten the most often?

A

Middle

53
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words

Best memory

54
Q

Mental picture is in what type of encoding?

A

Semantic encoding

55
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words

56
Q

Acoustic encoding example

A

Pronouncing

57
Q

Visual encoding

A

The encoding of visual elements of stimuli

58
Q

Creating mental pictures

A

Imagery

59
Q

Imagery helps

A

Recall of events that’s often colored by the highest joys and lowest lows of events… usually remember events differently than you evaluated them at that time

60
Q

Encoding imagery: mnemonics

A

Memory aid, often use vivid imagery and organizational devices

61
Q

Chunking AKA

A

Grouping

62
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

63
Q

Chunking examples

A

Horizontal organization- 1329458

Use of acronyms: HOMES- Hello, Oats, Meet, Egg, Shine

64
Q

Method of Loci

A

Memory device used by linking items in a list with PHYSICAL LOCATIONS in a place you’re familiar with

65
Q

Method of Loci example

A

Link parts of brain with places in your house; hypothalamus and refrigerator

66
Q

Peg word system

A

Works by prememorizing a list of words with numbers and associated new list with the scheme

67
Q

Peg word system example

A

1 is a gun, 2 is a zoo, 3 is a tree, 4 is a door, 5 is a hive

68
Q

Process of chunking

A

Organized information is more easily remembered

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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