Unit 8: Memory And Cognition

Question 1

Cognitive Approach focuses on mental processes

Answer 1

How we encode, process, store, and retrieve information

Question 2

Cognitive approach focuses on the belief that behavior is

Answer 2

Partially governed by the ways we interpret the events in the world

Question 3

Memory

Answer 3

Persistence of learning over time, via the storage and retrieval of information

Question 4

Memory gives us our sense of

Answer 4

Self and connects us to past experiences

Question 5

Flashbulb memories

Answer 5

Clears memory of an emotionally significant event or moment

Question 6

Emotion of the flashbulb memories are through the

Answer 6

Amygdala

Question 7

Does the flashbulb memory help or hurt Freud?

Answer 7

Hurts because Freud believes in the unconscious

Question 8

What are usually personally meaningful or historically significant?

Answer 8

Flashbulb memories

Question 9

Episodic memory

Answer 9

Your specific memory of events that occur in your life

Question 10

Flashbulb memory is a type of

Answer 10

Episodic memory

Question 11

What is involved in the formation of episodic memories?

Answer 11

Hippocampus

Question 12

How is memory similar to a computer?

Answer 12

Write to file, save to disk, read from disk

Question 13

3 basic steps in memory

Answer 13

Encoding
Storage
Retrieval

Question 14

Encoding

Answer 14

Getting information into the memory system

Question 15

Storage

Answer 15

The retention of the encoded information over time

Question 16

Retrieval

Answer 16

Process of getting information out of the memory system

Question 17

Stage one of processing model of memory

Answer 17

The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as sensory memory

Question 18

The initial recording of sensory information in the memory system is referred to as

Answer 18

Sensory memory

Question 19

Stage 2 of processing model of memory

Answer 19

Sensory memories are processed into SHORT TERM MEMORY your activated memory which can only hold a minimal amount of information

Question 20

You have to pay attention to move to

Answer 20

Short term memory

Question 21

Stage 3 of processing model of memory

Answer 21

Short term memories are encoded into LONG TERM MEMORY, the relativity PERMANENT and LIMITLESS storehouse from which we retrieve.

Question 22

Working memory

Answer 22

Similar to short term memory but foucuses on MANIPULATION of information

Question 23

Working memory and short term memory are quite limited in

Answer 23

Capacity and duration

Question 24

You can hold so much memory in your ______ ______ at one given time

Answer 24

Working memory

Question 25

Magic number of working memory

Answer 25

7 +/- 2

Question 26

2 types of process of encoding

Answer 26

Effortful and automatic

Question 27

Automatic encoding: unconscious encoding of incidental information such as

Answer 27

Space, time, frequency

Question 28

Automatic encoding: well-learned information such as

Answer 28

Word meanings

Question 29

Automatic encoding: we can learn automatic processing that is

Answer 29

Reading backwards

Question 30

Reading backwards requires effort at first but after practice

Answer 30

It becomes automatic

Question 31

Automatic processing allows us to

Answer 31

Do multiple things at once and re-illustrates the concept of parallel processing

Question 32

Effortful Processing

Answer 32

Type of encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

Question 33

Effortful processing example

Answer 33

Learning new vocabulary terms, memorizing historical events/chronology, etc

Question 34

Encoding can be aided by

Answer 34

Maintenance rehearsal or even more effectively by elaborate rehearsal

Question 35

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 35

Simple rote repetition of information in consciousness

Question 36

Level of effectiveness for maintenance rehearsal

Answer 36

Less affective

Question 37

Level of effectiveness for elaborate rehearsal

Answer 37

More effective

Question 38

Elaborate rehearsal

Answer 38

Processing of information for meaning which can more easily help produce long term memories

Question 39

Examples for Elaborate rehearsal

Answer 39

Coming up with an example for a term Definition in our own words

Question 40

Kind of memory experiments

Answer 40

Herman Ebbinghaus

Question 41

Herman Ebbinghaus wanted to research capacity of what memory?

Answer 41

Verbal memory

Question 42

Herman Ebbinghaus looked to study strings of

Answer 42

Non-sense syllables such as JIH, FUB, YOX, LEQ, VUM, etc

Question 43

Practice makes perfect!

Answer 43

The more rehearsal he did on day 1, the less rehearsal it took to learn the syllables again on day 2

Question 44

Over learning causes

Answer 44

Retention

Question 45

The spacing effect

Answer 45

Tendency for studying over a long period of time produces better long term retention than is achieved through massive study/practice.

Question 46

In what effect does it show that spaced studying beats cramming?

Answer 46

The spacing effect

Question 47

Serial position effect

Answer 47

Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list

Question 48

Serial position effect example

Answer 48

Naming the presidents

Question 49

Ebbinghaus’s 3 findings

Answer 49

Practice makes perfect The spacing effect Serial position effect

Question 50

Serial position effect: Primacy Effect

Answer 50

Explains how we remember concepts at the beginning of a list since these are often the terms we have SEEN THE MOST when reviewing

Question 51

Recency effect

Answer 51

Explains how we remember concepts at the end of the list since these are the terms we have seen the most RECENTLY

Question 52

What position of the list is forgotten the most often?

Answer 52

Middle

Question 53

Semantic encoding

Answer 53

Encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words Best memory

Question 54

Mental picture is in what type of encoding?

Answer 54

Semantic encoding

Question 55

Acoustic encoding

Answer 55

The encoding of sounds, especially the sound of words

Question 56

Acoustic encoding example

Answer 56

Pronouncing

Question 57

Visual encoding

Answer 57

The encoding of visual elements of stimuli

Question 58

Creating mental pictures

Answer 58

Imagery

Question 59

Imagery helps

Answer 59

Recall of events that’s often colored by the highest joys and lowest lows of events... usually remember events differently than you evaluated them at that time

Question 60

Encoding imagery: mnemonics

Answer 60

Memory aid, often use vivid imagery and organizational devices

Question 61

Chunking AKA

Answer 61

Grouping

Question 62

Chunking

Answer 62

Organizing items into familiar, manageable units

Question 63

Chunking examples

Answer 63

Horizontal organization- 1329458 Use of acronyms: HOMES- Hello, Oats, Meet, Egg, Shine

Question 64

Method of Loci

Answer 64

Memory device used by linking items in a list with PHYSICAL LOCATIONS in a place you’re familiar with

Question 65

Method of Loci example

Answer 65

Link parts of brain with places in your house; hypothalamus and refrigerator

Question 66

Peg word system

Answer 66

Works by prememorizing a list of words with numbers and associated new list with the scheme

Question 67

Peg word system example

Answer 67

1 is a gun, 2 is a zoo, 3 is a tree, 4 is a door, 5 is a hive

Question 68

Process of chunking

Answer 68

Organized information is more easily remembered