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AP Psychology > Unit 2: Biology, Neutrons, And Brain Imagery > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biology, Neutrons, And Brain Imagery Flashcards

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1
Q

Dendrites

A

Branching extinctions that receive incoming messages and conduct messages toward the cell body

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2
Q

Soma

A

Cell body which contains the nucleus

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3
Q

Biological psychologists study the link between:

A

1) biology

2) behavior

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4
Q

The basic building block of the nervous system

A

Neuron or nerve cell

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5
Q

Axon

A

Extension of a neuron which takes messages from the soma to other neurons; is the longest part of the neuron.

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6
Q

Terminal buttons

Aka axon terminals

A

Releases neurotransmitters to communicate with other neutrons
Located on the end of the axon

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7
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

Allows faster transmission speeds in neurons

A layer of fatty cells segmentally encasing the fibers of many axons

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8
Q

How does a neutron communicate?: action potential

A

Considered an ALL OR NOTHING response
Positively charged
Happens or doesn’t happen

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9
Q

How does a neutron communicate?: resting potential

A

Refers to the neuron when it is not active
Negatively charged inside the cell membrane

Waiting for gun shot in the race

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10
Q

Threshold

A

Minimal level of stimulation required for a neural impulse to fire.

Signal fires or doesn’t

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11
Q

Neuron communication with other neurons: synapse

A

To communicate it must pass a junction or gap called the synapse between the axon which is sending the signal and the dendrite which is receiving the signal

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12
Q

Neuron communication with other neurons: neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers that bind together neurons and influence whether another neural impulse will take place.

At the end of the axon, terminal buttons release these

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13
Q

Pre-synapse and postsynapse

A

Pre- sender

Post- receiver

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14
Q

Process of reuptake

A

Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the sending membrane (presynaptic)

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15
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine

A

Most well known for its presence in allowing muscle contraption

Also: plays vital role in learning and memory

KARATE CHOP

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16
Q

Acetylcholine may lead to

A

Alzheimer’s disease (memory defect) or muscular disorders

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17
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: serotonin

A

Impact on mood

Happy or sad

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18
Q

Shortage of serotonin

A

Depression

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19
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: dopamine

A

Attention
Involuntary muscle movements
Addiction

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20
Q

Excess Dopamine may lead to

A

Schizophrenia: hallucinations, too much attention

Defect to Parkinson’s disease: start to shake

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21
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: norepinephrine

A

Increased heart rate

Helps control alertness and arousal when you are scared or stressed or excited

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22
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: endorphins

A

Aka morphine within
Link to pain control and pleasure
Natural pain reliever
Mimicked by opiates like heroine

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23
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters: GABA

A

Helps relax and calm down the body.

Shortage- anxiety or epilepsy

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24
Q

Types of signals: excitatory

A

“pushing accelerator” for action potential

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25
Q

Types of signals: inhibitory

A

“pushing break” for resting potential

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26
Q

Types of neurotransmitters: glutamate

A

Excitatory neurotransmitter that helps strengthen the synaptic connections between neurons

27
Q

Agonist

A

Chemicals that mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter

28
Q

Example of agonists

A

Heroin- agonist for endorphins
MDMA- agonist for serotonin
Alcohol- Agonist for GABA

29
Q

Antagonists

A

Chemicals that block the transmission of an neurotransmitter

30
Q

Example of an antagonist

A

Chemical in a black widow spider bite is an antagonist for acceleration

31
Q

Why are many disorders of the brain difficult to treat?

A

The brain blood barrier (BBB) filters out the unwanted chemicals in the brain

32
Q

Nervous system

A

Your electrochemical communication center

33
Q

Nervous system consists of

A

1) central nervous system and the nerves within your

2) peripheral nervous system

34
Q

2 Divisions: CNS

A

Central nervous system contains

1) brain 2) spinal chord

35
Q

2 divisions: PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system: contains the sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

36
Q

PNS is divided into

A

Autonomic

and Somatic

37
Q

3 types of neurons: sensory neurons (AKA Afferent Neurons)

A

Neurons that carry info from the sensory receptors (in PNS) to th brain and spinal cord (in CNS)

38
Q

Sensory neurons example

A

Touch, feel, smell, see, taste

39
Q

3 types of neurons: Interneurons

A

Neurons within the CNS that internally communicate between sensory and motor neurons

40
Q

Interneurons

A

Reflexes

41
Q

3 types of neurons: motor neurons (AKA Efferent neurons)

A

Take information from the CNS to the muscles and glands within the PNS.

42
Q

Efferent neurons example

A

Any type of movement after thinking

43
Q

Automatic actions=

A

Are simple reflexes

44
Q

Reflex

A

A simple autonomic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus. Spinal cord in charge and brain NOT involved.

45
Q

Reflex involves in

A

Interneurons only

46
Q

How to study the brain: Lesion

A

Natural or experimentally damaged tissue of the brain used to study portions of the brain

47
Q

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

An amplified recording of the waves of ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY that SWEEP ACROSS THE BRAIN’s surface

48
Q

EEG is measured by

A

Electrodes placed on the scalp

49
Q

EEG used in

A

Sleep study

50
Q

Studying the brain: PET (positron emission tomograph) scan

A

A visual display of brain activity that detects where a RADIOACTIVE FORM OF GLUCOSE goes while the brain performs a given task

51
Q

When does PET show brain activity

A

When doing mental tasks

52
Q

Studying the brain: MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A

A technique that uses MAGNETIC FIELDS AND RADIO WAVES to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissues

53
Q

What does MRI allow

A

See structures within the brain

54
Q

FMRI: functional MRI

A

Reveals blood flow

55
Q

Hormones

A

Enter through blood stream

56
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Endocrine glands above the kidneys that secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress

57
Q

The endocrine system

A

The body’s “slow” chemical communication system

58
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Secrets hormones into the bloodstream

59
Q

Hormones travel via

A

Blood stream

60
Q

How quick do hormones last?

A

20-30 minus

61
Q

Hormones: how long does the effect last?

A

Long time

62
Q

Neurotransmitters travel via

A

Synapse

63
Q

How quick do neurotransmitters last

A

Immediately

64
Q

How long does the effects of neurotransmitters last?

A

Short time

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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