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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Pt 1: Learning And Classical Conditioning > Flashcards

Unit 5 Pt 1: Learning And Classical Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

A relatively permanent change in organism’s behavior due to experience (nurture)

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2
Q

Most learning is in the

A

Associative areas

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3
Q

3 types of learning

A

Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
Observational learning

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4
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Making a connection between a neutral and unconditioned stimulus

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5
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Making a connection between behavior and consequences

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6
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning by watching

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7
Q

All living things learn through

A

Association

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8
Q

Father of behaviorism

A

John Watson

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9
Q

Behaviorism focused on making psychology

A

An objective science

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10
Q

Watson focused on

A

External behavior within specific external situations

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11
Q

What did Watson believe

A

Nurture was more important than nature

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12
Q

Classical conditioning aka

A

Pavlovian conditioning

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13
Q

Unconditioned

A

It is unlearned and comes naturally/reflexively

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14
Q

Unconditioned example

A

Salivating when presented with food

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15
Q

Conditioned

A

Learned and response doesn’t come naturally

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16
Q

Conditioned example

A

Getting up when school bell rings

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17
Q

Response

A

External behavior like salivating

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18
Q

Stimulus

A

External thing that may cause a behavior like a bell or food

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19
Q

Stimulus creates

A

Response

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20
Q

Father of classical conditioning

A

Ivan Pavlov

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21
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Russian physician/neurophysiologist

Studies digestive enzymes in dogs when accidentally realized importance of associative learning

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22
Q

Classical conditioning

A

An organism comes to associate stimuli

Like tone and food

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23
Q

Classical conditioning begins

A

With a reflex which is unconditioned (unlearned)

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24
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Effective stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally triggers a response

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25
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned, naturally occurring automatic response to the conditioned stimulus

26
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Previously neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

27
Q

Conditioned response

A

Learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus

28
Q

Acquisition

A

Initial stage of learning, during which a response is established and gradually strengthened.

29
Q

Acquisition is when

A

A previously neutral stimulus causes conditioned response

30
Q

Extinction

A

Diminishing of a conditioned response.

Example: the bell no longer makes the dog salivate

31
Q

How would you make extinction occur?

A

Stop pairing UCS (food) with CS (bell)

32
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

Referred to reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished condition.

Decides to do it again

33
Q

Generalization

A

Tendency of a stimuli similar to CS to evoke similar responses

34
Q

Generalization example

A

Doesn’t have to be the same tone to make dog’s salivate…they generalize

35
Q

Generalization and discrimination describe __________, not thoughts

36
Q

Discrimination

A

Ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that don’t signal an UCS.

37
Q

Discrimination example

A

Dogs wouldn’t salivate to a whistle since it was too different from the tone

38
Q

Cute baby Albert case

A

Every time he got near the white furry rat the experimenters made a scary sound so ever since then he got scared.
He even got scared of rabbits and everything that’s white and furry he got scared

39
Q

Cute Baby Albert: UCS

40
Q

Cute Baby Albert: UCR

A

Fear from the sound

41
Q

Cute Baby Albert: neutral stimulus

42
Q

Cute Baby Albert: CS

43
Q

Cute Baby Albert: CR

A

Fear of the white rat

44
Q

Cute Baby Albert: generalization

A

White rats, fur, white furry things

45
Q

Higher order conditioning AKA

A

Second order conditioning

46
Q

Higher order conditioning

A

It occurs after organism has already learned a response to a conditioned stimulus

47
Q

Higher order conditioning:

You pair a new neutral stimulus before the conditioned stimulus which leads to

A

A new response to the new neutral stimulus which is usually weaker

48
Q

Criticism of old behaviorist ignore

49
Q

Old school behaviorists ignored cognition

A

Studies proved that subjects attitudes did mater when attempting to create conditioned response in them

50
Q

Modern psychologists often add cognitive explanation to

A

Conditioning

51
Q

Robert Rescorla Argued that learning during classical conditioning was impacted

A

by how reliably the CS (tone) PREDICTED the UCS (food)

52
Q

Rescorla argued that

A

The reliability of the signal created an EXPECTATION which led to a conditioned response

Expectation: cognitive element

53
Q

Old school behaviorists ignored biological predisposition:

Taste aversion studies

A

Showed that an animal’s capacity for conditioning is constrained by biology. Conditioning occurs easier with some stimuli than others.

54
Q

Garcia’s taste aversion studies with rats

A

Experiment where rats got exposed to sights, sounds, and tastes and later gave radiation or drugs that made them nauseous and vomit.
Hours later the rats avoided taste of flavor but not sight and sound.

55
Q

Taste aversion studies violated

A

Behaviorists principle that any stimulus could serve as CS

56
Q

Taste aversion studies show that nature prepares

A

The members of each species to learn those things crucial to their environment

57
Q

Taste aversion studies are expectations to classical conditioning rules

A

UCS does not always have to follow CS immediately

58
Q

Aversion

A

To avoid something

59
Q

Real world classical conditioning example of crack cocaine

A

Users feel craving wen they are near the same people or place where the took drugs. So rehab counselors advice them to leave places and make new friends

60
Q

Real world classical conditioning example of alcohol

A

Alcohol with drug that makes you vomit will make you quit drinking

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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