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AP Psychology > Unit 3: Sensation And Persception Pt 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation And Persception Pt 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation process

A

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli energy.

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Raw data our brain takes from the environment

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3
Q

Perception

A

Process of ORGANIZATION and INTERPRETING sensory information

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4
Q

Perception enables

A

Us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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5
Q

Perception activity

A

MAKES SENSE of SENSATION

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6
Q

Sensation and perception involve

A

1 continuous process

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7
Q

Perceptual failure

A

May occur at any level even at sensory or perceptual interpretation level

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8
Q

Perceptual failure example

A

Prosopagnosia

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9
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

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10
Q

Bottom up processing, where to where.

A

Analysis that begins with sense receptors and works up to brain’s integration of sensory information

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11
Q

Bottom up processing

A

MAKES SENSE of RAW SENSATION

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12
Q

Top down procession guide

A

Information processing guided by HIGHER LEVEL MENTAL PROCESS

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13
Q

Top down procession

A

How our EXPECTATIONS AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE guide our PERCEPTION

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14
Q

Tasting

A

Gustatory

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15
Q

Smelling

A

Olfactory

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16
Q

Balance

A

Vestibular

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17
Q

Subliminal

A

information that is below one’s awareness for conscious attention.

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18
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

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19
Q

Absolute Threshold:

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus.

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20
Q

Absolute threshold usually defined as

A

the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.

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21
Q

Difference Threshold or (JND-Just Noticeable Difference):

A

the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli.

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22
Q

Weber’s Law:

A

to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion

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23
Q

Weber’s law: light intensity

A

8 percent

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24
Q

Weber’s law: weight

A

2 percent

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25
Q

Weber’s law: tone frequency

A

0.3 percent

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26
Q

Signal Detection Theory:

A

predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)

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27
Q

Sensory Adaptation:

A

diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation.

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28
Q

Sensory adaptation taste

A

Adaptation to the taste of one substance can affect the taste of another

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29
Q

Sensory adaptation taste example

A

Example: Salt water experiment

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30
Q

Transduction

A

conversion of one form of energy to another.

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31
Q

Wavelength-

A

the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.

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32
Q

Hue-

A

dimension of color determined by wavelength of light…color is matter of how far wavelengths are apart.

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33
Q

Intensity-

A

amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude.

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34
Q

Intensity is

A

Brightness

Loudness

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35
Q

Light enters through

A

Cornea

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36
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent protector

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37
Q

Pupil

A

Small opening/hole

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38
Q

Iris

A

Size of the pupil is regulated by it

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39
Q

Behind the pupil-lens

A

Transparent structure

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40
Q

Accommodation

A

process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies

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41
Q

Retina

A

Where image is focused

42
Q

Image coming through activates photoreceptors in the retina called

A

Rods and cones

43
Q

Rods and cons

A

process information for darkness and color

44
Q

Rods and cones activity

A

set off chemical reactions (starts process of transforming light) they form a synapse with bipolar cells where the light energy is transformed into neural impulses (transduction).

45
Q

Ganglion cells

A

The action potential travels through it

They are the cells that makeup the optic nerve

46
Q

Optic nerve

A

bundle of nerves that take information from retina to the brain and also part of eye that creates blind spot

47
Q

Optic nerve

A

Neural information processed by thalamus

48
Q

Parts of retina: fovea

A

central focal point of the retina, where cones cluster.

49
Q

Parts of retina: cones

A

photoreceptor located near center of retina (fovea)
fine detail and color vision
daylight or well-lit conditions

50
Q

Rods

A

photoreceptor located near peripheral retina

51
Q

Rods function

A

detect black, white and gray

twilight or low light

52
Q

Bipolar cells

A

Create visual neural impulses

53
Q

Most common errors in vision: Acuity

A

the sharpness of vision

54
Q

Most common errors in vision: nearsightedness

A

nearby objects seen more clearly

lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina

55
Q

Errors in vision: Farsightedness

A

faraway objects seen more clearly

lens focuses near objects behind retina

56
Q

Visual involves

A

Parallel processing

57
Q

Parallel vs. Serial definition

Brain’s process?

A

simultaneous while serial means step by step. Our brains process are often parallel processes while computers work serially.

58
Q

Parallel processing

A

simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways.

59
Q

Parallel processing: different part of brain for

A

Color
Motion
Form
Depth

60
Q

Feature Detectors:

A

neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features

61
Q

Feature detectors features:

A

shape
angle
movement

62
Q

Trichromatic (tricolored) theory AKA

A

Young and Hemholtz theory

63
Q

Trichromatic (tricolored) theory

A

Argues we and some other animals see color through the interaction of three different retinal color receptors that combine to create other colors.

64
Q

Trichromatic theory colors

A

Red, green, blue

65
Q

Color deficient syndrome

A

People who are color blind usually suffer deficiencies in the red-green systems in their vision.

66
Q

Color vision theory 2: Opponent-Process Theory-

A

opposing retinal processes enable color vision

67
Q

After-image

A

is the image you see after straining your eyes (caused by the opponent processes in your retina.) Image is not really there and colors are opposite

68
Q

Stimulus energy

A

Sound waves, pressure on the skin, particles in the air, light waves

69
Q

Perceptual interpretation level: blind sight

A

Can see but doesn’t organize the information

70
Q

Bottom up processing is by

A

Senses

71
Q

Top down processing is by

A

The brain

72
Q

Balance-vestibular in the

A

Cerebellum

73
Q

Sense of touch- Tactile in the

A

Somatosensory cortex

74
Q

Subliminal messages simplification

A

Humans “pick up” these messages that influence our “unconscious”

75
Q

Subliminal messages example

A

Feeling hungry during subliminal advertisements

Lion king “SEX” symbol

76
Q

Subliminal messages: research say

A

It can impact our initial impression of something

It has no long lasting persuasive impact on behavior

77
Q

Oldest branch of psychology

A

Psychophysics

78
Q

Psychophysics founder

A

Wundt

79
Q

Difference threshold vs Weber’s law

A

Weber’s law explains how difference threshold works

80
Q

Sensation simplification

A

Notice something or not

81
Q

Sensory adaptation example

A

Smell of a room
Wearing new shoes
Soft jazz music to hard core heavy metal

82
Q

Wavelength determines

A

Color

83
Q

Transduction energy

A

Sound, light, pressure, etc

84
Q

Human vision represents

A

Narrow part of all electromagnetic energy

85
Q

ROY G BIV starts from

A

Longest to shortest
Red: longest
Violet:shortest

86
Q

Vision

A

Physical property of waves

87
Q

Short wavelengths=

A

High frequency

88
Q

Short wavelengths example

A

Bluish colors, high-pitched sounds

89
Q

Great amplitude example

A

Bright colors, loud sounds

90
Q

Long wavelengths=

A

Low frequency

91
Q

Long wavelengths example

A

Reddish colors, low pitched sounds

92
Q

Small amplitude example

A

Dull colors, soft sounds

93
Q

Iris simplification

A

Muscle that surrounds the pupil which widens or constricts the pupil causing either more or less light to get in

94
Q

Retina visions

A

Peripheral vision and central vision

95
Q

How light enters in the eye

A 
Cornea
Pupil
Iris
Lens
Retina
Rods
Cones 
Bipolar cells 
Ganglion cells
Optic nerve
Thalamus
96
Q

How light enters in the eye: remembering

A

Can People In London Really Ride Camels By Going Out Traveling.

97
Q

What are involved in transduction?

A

Rods/cones and bipolar cells

98
Q

Signal detection assumes

A

That there is no single absolute threshold

99
Q

What might a person’s detection of a stimulus depend on?

A

Our expectations, age, tiredness, motivation

100
Q

The optic nerve carries neural information to be processed by the

A

Thalamus (sensory switchboard)

101
Q

Thalamus sends information to the _______ cortex which resides in the _________

A

Occipital lobe

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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