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AP Psychology > Unit 3: Sensation And Persception Pt 1 > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation And Persception Pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensation process

A

Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli energy.

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2
Q

Sensation

A

Raw data our brain takes from the environment

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3
Q

Perception

A

Process of ORGANIZATION and INTERPRETING sensory information

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4
Q

Perception enables

A

Us to recognize meaningful objects and events

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5
Q

Perception activity

A

MAKES SENSE of SENSATION

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6
Q

Sensation and perception involve

A

1 continuous process

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7
Q

Perceptual failure

A

May occur at any level even at sensory or perceptual interpretation level

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8
Q

Perceptual failure example

A

Prosopagnosia

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9
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

Face blindness

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10
Q

Bottom up processing, where to where.

A

Analysis that begins with sense receptors and works up to brain’s integration of sensory information

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11
Q

Bottom up processing

A

MAKES SENSE of RAW SENSATION

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12
Q

Top down procession guide

A

Information processing guided by HIGHER LEVEL MENTAL PROCESS

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13
Q

Top down procession

A

How our EXPECTATIONS AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE guide our PERCEPTION

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14
Q

Tasting

A

Gustatory

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15
Q

Smelling

A

Olfactory

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16
Q

Balance

A

Vestibular

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17
Q

Subliminal

A

information that is below one’s awareness for conscious attention.

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18
Q

Psychophysics

A

study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them

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19
Q

Absolute Threshold:

A

minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus.

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20
Q

Absolute threshold usually defined as

A

the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.

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21
Q

Difference Threshold or (JND-Just Noticeable Difference):

A

the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli.

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22
Q

Weber’s Law:

A

to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion

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23
Q

Weber’s law: light intensity

A

8 percent

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24
Q

Weber’s law: weight

A

2 percent

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25
Weber’s law: tone frequency
0.3 percent
26
Signal Detection Theory:
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
27
Sensory Adaptation:
diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation.
28
Sensory adaptation taste
Adaptation to the taste of one substance can affect the taste of another
29
Sensory adaptation taste example
Example: Salt water experiment
30
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy to another.
31
Wavelength-
the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.
32
Hue-
dimension of color determined by wavelength of light…color is matter of how far wavelengths are apart.
33
Intensity-
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude.
34
Intensity is
Brightness | Loudness
35
Light enters through
Cornea
36
Cornea
Transparent protector
37
Pupil
Small opening/hole
38
Iris
Size of the pupil is regulated by it
39
Behind the pupil-lens
Transparent structure
40
Accommodation
process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies
41
Retina
Where image is focused
42
Image coming through activates photoreceptors in the retina called
Rods and cones
43
Rods and cons
process information for darkness and color
44
Rods and cones activity
set off chemical reactions (starts process of transforming light) they form a synapse with bipolar cells where the light energy is transformed into neural impulses (transduction).
45
Ganglion cells
The action potential travels through it | They are the cells that makeup the optic nerve
46
Optic nerve
bundle of nerves that take information from retina to the brain and also part of eye that creates blind spot
47
Optic nerve
Neural information processed by thalamus
48
Parts of retina: fovea
central focal point of the retina, where cones cluster.
49
Parts of retina: cones
photoreceptor located near center of retina (fovea) fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions
50
Rods
photoreceptor located near peripheral retina
51
Rods function
detect black, white and gray | twilight or low light
52
Bipolar cells
Create visual neural impulses
53
Most common errors in vision: Acuity
the sharpness of vision
54
Most common errors in vision: nearsightedness
nearby objects seen more clearly | lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina
55
Errors in vision: Farsightedness
faraway objects seen more clearly | lens focuses near objects behind retina
56
Visual involves
Parallel processing
57
Parallel vs. Serial definition | Brain’s process?
simultaneous while serial means step by step. Our brains process are often parallel processes while computers work serially.
58
Parallel processing
simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways.
59
Parallel processing: different part of brain for
Color Motion Form Depth
60
Feature Detectors:
neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features
61
Feature detectors features:
shape angle movement
62
Trichromatic (tricolored) theory AKA
Young and Hemholtz theory
63
Trichromatic (tricolored) theory
Argues we and some other animals see color through the interaction of three different retinal color receptors that combine to create other colors.
64
Trichromatic theory colors
Red, green, blue
65
Color deficient syndrome
People who are color blind usually suffer deficiencies in the red-green systems in their vision.
66
Color vision theory 2: Opponent-Process Theory-
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
67
After-image
is the image you see after straining your eyes (caused by the opponent processes in your retina.) Image is not really there and colors are opposite
68
Stimulus energy
Sound waves, pressure on the skin, particles in the air, light waves
69
Perceptual interpretation level: blind sight
Can see but doesn’t organize the information
70
Bottom up processing is by
Senses
71
Top down processing is by
The brain
72
Balance-vestibular in the
Cerebellum
73
Sense of touch- Tactile in the
Somatosensory cortex
74
Subliminal messages simplification
Humans “pick up” these messages that influence our “unconscious”
75
Subliminal messages example
Feeling hungry during subliminal advertisements | Lion king “SEX” symbol
76
Subliminal messages: research say
It can impact our initial impression of something It has no long lasting persuasive impact on behavior
77
Oldest branch of psychology
Psychophysics
78
Psychophysics founder
Wundt
79
Difference threshold vs Weber’s law
Weber’s law explains how difference threshold works
80
Sensation simplification
Notice something or not
81
Sensory adaptation example
Smell of a room Wearing new shoes Soft jazz music to hard core heavy metal
82
Wavelength determines
Color
83
Transduction energy
Sound, light, pressure, etc
84
Human vision represents
Narrow part of all electromagnetic energy
85
ROY G BIV starts from
Longest to shortest Red: longest Violet:shortest
86
Vision
Physical property of waves
87
Short wavelengths=
High frequency
88
Short wavelengths example
Bluish colors, high-pitched sounds
89
Great amplitude example
Bright colors, loud sounds
90
Long wavelengths=
Low frequency
91
Long wavelengths example
Reddish colors, low pitched sounds
92
Small amplitude example
Dull colors, soft sounds
93
Iris simplification
Muscle that surrounds the pupil which widens or constricts the pupil causing either more or less light to get in
94
Retina visions
Peripheral vision and central vision
95
How light enters in the eye
``` Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina Rods Cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve Thalamus ```
96
How light enters in the eye: remembering
Can People In London Really Ride Camels By Going Out Traveling.
97
What are involved in transduction?
Rods/cones and bipolar cells
98
Signal detection assumes
That there is no single absolute threshold
99
What might a person’s detection of a stimulus depend on?
Our expectations, age, tiredness, motivation
100
The optic nerve carries neural information to be processed by the
Thalamus (sensory switchboard)
101
Thalamus sends information to the _______ cortex which resides in the _________
Occipital lobe

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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