Unit 3: Sensation And Persception Pt 1 Flashcards
Sensation process
Process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimuli energy.
Sensation
Raw data our brain takes from the environment
Perception
Process of ORGANIZATION and INTERPRETING sensory information
Perception enables
Us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Perception activity
MAKES SENSE of SENSATION
Sensation and perception involve
1 continuous process
Perceptual failure
May occur at any level even at sensory or perceptual interpretation level
Perceptual failure example
Prosopagnosia
Prosopagnosia
Face blindness
Bottom up processing, where to where.
Analysis that begins with sense receptors and works up to brain’s integration of sensory information
Bottom up processing
MAKES SENSE of RAW SENSATION
Top down procession guide
Information processing guided by HIGHER LEVEL MENTAL PROCESS
Top down procession
How our EXPECTATIONS AND PRIOR KNOWLEDGE guide our PERCEPTION
Tasting
Gustatory
Smelling
Olfactory
Balance
Vestibular
Subliminal
information that is below one’s awareness for conscious attention.
Psychophysics
study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Absolute Threshold:
minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus.
Absolute threshold usually defined as
the stimulus needed for detection 50% of the time.
Difference Threshold or (JND-Just Noticeable Difference):
the minimum difference that a person can detect between two stimuli.
Weber’s Law:
to perceive a difference between two stimuli, they must differ by a constant proportion
Weber’s law: light intensity
8 percent
Weber’s law: weight
2 percent
Weber’s law: tone frequency
0.3 percent
Signal Detection Theory:
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
Sensory Adaptation:
diminished sensitivity with constant stimulation.
Sensory adaptation taste
Adaptation to the taste of one substance can affect the taste of another
Sensory adaptation taste example
Example: Salt water experiment
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy to another.
Wavelength-
the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next.
Hue-
dimension of color determined by wavelength of light…color is matter of how far wavelengths are apart.
Intensity-
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude.
Intensity is
Brightness
Loudness
Light enters through
Cornea
Cornea
Transparent protector
Pupil
Small opening/hole
Iris
Size of the pupil is regulated by it
Behind the pupil-lens
Transparent structure
Accommodation
process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies
Retina
Where image is focused
Image coming through activates photoreceptors in the retina called
Rods and cones
Rods and cons
process information for darkness and color
Rods and cones activity
set off chemical reactions (starts process of transforming light) they form a synapse with bipolar cells where the light energy is transformed into neural impulses (transduction).
Ganglion cells
The action potential travels through it
They are the cells that makeup the optic nerve
Optic nerve
bundle of nerves that take information from retina to the brain and also part of eye that creates blind spot
Optic nerve
Neural information processed by thalamus
Parts of retina: fovea
central focal point of the retina, where cones cluster.
Parts of retina: cones
photoreceptor located near center of retina (fovea)
fine detail and color vision
daylight or well-lit conditions
Rods
photoreceptor located near peripheral retina
Rods function
detect black, white and gray
twilight or low light
Bipolar cells
Create visual neural impulses
Most common errors in vision: Acuity
the sharpness of vision
Most common errors in vision: nearsightedness
nearby objects seen more clearly
lens focuses image of distant objects in front of retina
Errors in vision: Farsightedness
faraway objects seen more clearly
lens focuses near objects behind retina
Visual involves
Parallel processing
Parallel vs. Serial definition
Brain’s process?
simultaneous while serial means step by step. Our brains process are often parallel processes while computers work serially.
Parallel processing
simultaneous processing of several dimensions through multiple pathways.
Parallel processing: different part of brain for
Color
Motion
Form
Depth
Feature Detectors:
neurons in the visual cortex respond to specific features
Feature detectors features:
shape
angle
movement
Trichromatic (tricolored) theory AKA
Young and Hemholtz theory
Trichromatic (tricolored) theory
Argues we and some other animals see color through the interaction of three different retinal color receptors that combine to create other colors.
Trichromatic theory colors
Red, green, blue
Color deficient syndrome
People who are color blind usually suffer deficiencies in the red-green systems in their vision.
Color vision theory 2: Opponent-Process Theory-
opposing retinal processes enable color vision
After-image
is the image you see after straining your eyes (caused by the opponent processes in your retina.) Image is not really there and colors are opposite
Stimulus energy
Sound waves, pressure on the skin, particles in the air, light waves
Perceptual interpretation level: blind sight
Can see but doesn’t organize the information
Bottom up processing is by
Senses
Top down processing is by
The brain
Balance-vestibular in the
Cerebellum
Sense of touch- Tactile in the
Somatosensory cortex
Subliminal messages simplification
Humans “pick up” these messages that influence our “unconscious”
Subliminal messages example
Feeling hungry during subliminal advertisements
Lion king “SEX” symbol
Subliminal messages: research say
It can impact our initial impression of something
It has no long lasting persuasive impact on behavior
Oldest branch of psychology
Psychophysics
Psychophysics founder
Wundt
Difference threshold vs Weber’s law
Weber’s law explains how difference threshold works
Sensation simplification
Notice something or not
Sensory adaptation example
Smell of a room
Wearing new shoes
Soft jazz music to hard core heavy metal
Wavelength determines
Color
Transduction energy
Sound, light, pressure, etc
Human vision represents
Narrow part of all electromagnetic energy
ROY G BIV starts from
Longest to shortest
Red: longest
Violet:shortest
Vision
Physical property of waves
Short wavelengths=
High frequency
Short wavelengths example
Bluish colors, high-pitched sounds
Great amplitude example
Bright colors, loud sounds
Long wavelengths=
Low frequency
Long wavelengths example
Reddish colors, low pitched sounds
Small amplitude example
Dull colors, soft sounds
Iris simplification
Muscle that surrounds the pupil which widens or constricts the pupil causing either more or less light to get in
Retina visions
Peripheral vision and central vision
How light enters in the eye
Cornea Pupil Iris Lens Retina Rods Cones Bipolar cells Ganglion cells Optic nerve Thalamus
How light enters in the eye: remembering
Can People In London Really Ride Camels By Going Out Traveling.
What are involved in transduction?
Rods/cones and bipolar cells
Signal detection assumes
That there is no single absolute threshold
What might a person’s detection of a stimulus depend on?
Our expectations, age, tiredness, motivation
The optic nerve carries neural information to be processed by the
Thalamus (sensory switchboard)
Thalamus sends information to the _______ cortex which resides in the _________
Occipital lobe
