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AP Psychology > Unit 1- Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1- Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Human intuition is highly

A

Limited

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

we tend to think we know more than we do

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen.
The “I know it all along” phenomenon

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4
Q

Theory

A

An explanation unhinge an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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5
Q

Research methods: Case study

A

An observation technique in which ONE person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Freud relied on it

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6
Q

Research methods: survey

A

Technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people
Usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people

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7
Q

Random sample

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

Anchoring bias

A

We tend to rely too heavily on the initial information (anchor)

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9
Q

Advantages of case study

A

In depth, detail of person being studied

Opportunity to study unusual cases

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10
Q

Disadvantages of case study

A

Individual results might not relate to general public

Cannot establish cause and effect

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11
Q

Components of survey: population

A

All individuals you are interested in knowing something about

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12
Q

Components of survey: sample

A

Individuals you actually question. People in survey

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13
Q

Components of survey: why should sampling always be taken randomly from the population?

A

So that it is representative meaning each individual in the population had an equal chance of being selected

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14
Q

Advantages of survey research

A

Less costly to run that an experiment

Efficient, allow researchers to collect lots of information quickly

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15
Q

Disadvantages of survey research

A

Accuracy can be thrown off by improper sampling

Question wording can impact results of a survey

Respond rates may be low

Participants can lie

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16
Q

Stratified sampling

A

When the researcher divides the sample into subgroups called strata.

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17
Q

Research method 3: naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Drawbacks: hard to identify any type of causation since there is no control.

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18
Q

Research method 4: Correlation research

A

Research that looks at a RELATIONSHIP between two variables (things)

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19
Q

Types of correlations

A

Positive and negative correlation

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20
Q

Positive correlation

A

1 goes up the other one goes up

1 goes down the other one goes down

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21
Q

Negative correlation

A

One goes up the other one goes down

One goes down the other one goes up

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22
Q

Correlation coefficient (r-value)

A

Number that measures the strength of correlation

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23
Q

Strongest correlations are ____ and ____

A

+1 and -1

Correlations are always between -1 and +1

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24
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables

Little _____ indicated high correlation

A

Scatter plot

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25
Illusory correlation
The perception of a relationship where none exists.
26
Advantages of correlation research
- Allows you to see a relationship - efficient, don’t have to complete whole new study(use existing data) - provide way to make predictions - help dispel illusionary correlations
27
Disadvantages of correlation research
- do not show causation - prone to inaccurate reporting - other variables may have impact on relationship
28
Summing up the researches
All of these methods look to describe the behavior not to explain it None establish causation
29
Experimental designed research
Only research that gets out causation
30
Why do we make a thinking error by perceiving order in random events
Random sequence don’t often look random
31
Research method 5: the experiment
An investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (IV) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (DV) while having other factors by random selection
32
Operational definition
A statement of operations used to define research variables
33
Components of an experiment
IV-experimental factor and DV-behavior or mental process
34
Steps for a perfect experiment
After variables, 1) find participants by random sampling from a representative population 2) randomly assign the participants to the control and experimental conditions
35
Groups within an experiment: experimental condition
The group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable (treatment)
36
Groups within an experiment: control condition
Group of participants that does not receive the independent variable (treatment vs no treatment)
37
control condition placebo
Inert substance (usually in form of a fake pill)
38
Steps for a perfect experiment continued
3. Set up control procedures to stop possible bias and confounding variables
39
Steps for a perfect experiment continued: double blind procedure
Both the research participants and the research staff are blind (ignorant) whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.
40
Being bias
Trying to purposely prove your results
41
Experiments want to avoid: confounding variables
A hidden or uncontrolled aspect of an experiment that can resort the results of an experiment
42
Clever Hans
Shows importance of control procedures like double blind procedures
43
Last step of a perfect experiment
4) compared the results using statistics between the experimental condition and the control condition and see if the differences between the 2 groups of the experiment are statistically significant
44
statistically significant
Experimental results are not likely to have happened by random chance;helps establish causation Usually expressed as a number called a p-value
45
5th step
Investigators should replicate the experiment again with different participants
46
Research strategies: replication
Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalized to other subjects and circumstances
47
When experiment goes wrong:
Every time you are conducting an experiment, you are trying to prove or reject your hypothesis
48
Type 1 error: false-positive
Results show that difference is not true Pregnancy test says a woman is pregnant when she is not a type 1 error
49
Type 2 error: false negative
Results fail to detect difference when there is one Pregnancy test says a woman is not pregnant when she is shows a type 2
50
Types of statistics psychologists use: inferential statistics
Making generalization beyond the general data to try to say something about a broader population. Stating the American’s public approval of the president after surveying 5000 people involves inferential statistics
51
Types of statistics psychologists use: descriptive statistics
Information about the data you have already gathered
52
descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency: mode
most frequently occurring
53
Mean: average of a distribution
average of a distribution
54
Median
The middle scores in the distribution
55
When the mean is distorted
Inferences aren’t true
56
Positive skew and negative skew
Positive skew- mean is bigger than median Negative skew- median is smaller than mean
57
Descriptive of statistics continued: range
The gap between the highest and lowest scores. Shows extreme scores
58
Standard deviation
How much scores vary around the mean. Shows how packed together the scores are around the average
59
Ethical procedures in research
1) participants should not be out at risk psychologically or physically 2) participants have the right to privacy 3) deception is allowed in experiments but are scrutinized by ethics boards (institutional review board)to decrease risks to subjects. 4) researchers must debrief participants about the full nature of the research immediately after participation.
60
5 and 6 procedures
5. Informed consent | 6. Permitted to leave at one point
61
Advantages of experimental research
1. Establishes cause and effect 2. Allows IV and DV to be closely controlled and manipulated 3. Allow double-blind method to control bias 4. Can be replicated
62
Disadvantages of experimental research
1) Experimental environment may be artificial and not relate to real world. 2) may be difficult to eliminate all confounding variables
63
3. Hawthorne effect
People’s behavior tends to change just by the fact that they’re being watched
64
Sampling bias
Any non random technique

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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