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AP Psychology > Unit 1- Research Methods > Flashcards

Unit 1- Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

Human intuition is highly

A

Limited

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2
Q

Overconfidence

A

we tend to think we know more than we do

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3
Q

Hindsight Bias

A

Tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen.
The “I know it all along” phenomenon

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4
Q

Theory

A

An explanation unhinge an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations

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5
Q

Research methods: Case study

A

An observation technique in which ONE person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles.
Freud relied on it

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6
Q

Research methods: survey

A

Technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people
Usually by questioning a representative, random sample of people

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7
Q

Random sample

A

Everyone in the population has an equal chance of being selected

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8
Q

Anchoring bias

A

We tend to rely too heavily on the initial information (anchor)

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9
Q

Advantages of case study

A

In depth, detail of person being studied

Opportunity to study unusual cases

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10
Q

Disadvantages of case study

A

Individual results might not relate to general public

Cannot establish cause and effect

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11
Q

Components of survey: population

A

All individuals you are interested in knowing something about

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12
Q

Components of survey: sample

A

Individuals you actually question. People in survey

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13
Q

Components of survey: why should sampling always be taken randomly from the population?

A

So that it is representative meaning each individual in the population had an equal chance of being selected

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14
Q

Advantages of survey research

A

Less costly to run that an experiment

Efficient, allow researchers to collect lots of information quickly

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15
Q

Disadvantages of survey research

A

Accuracy can be thrown off by improper sampling

Question wording can impact results of a survey

Respond rates may be low

Participants can lie

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16
Q

Stratified sampling

A

When the researcher divides the sample into subgroups called strata.

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17
Q

Research method 3: naturalistic observation

A

Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation

Drawbacks: hard to identify any type of causation since there is no control.

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18
Q

Research method 4: Correlation research

A

Research that looks at a RELATIONSHIP between two variables (things)

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19
Q

Types of correlations

A

Positive and negative correlation

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20
Q

Positive correlation

A

1 goes up the other one goes up

1 goes down the other one goes down

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21
Q

Negative correlation

A

One goes up the other one goes down

One goes down the other one goes up

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22
Q

Correlation coefficient (r-value)

A

Number that measures the strength of correlation

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23
Q

Strongest correlations are ____ and ____

A

+1 and -1

Correlations are always between -1 and +1

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24
Q

A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of 2 variables

Little _____ indicated high correlation

A

Scatter plot

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25
Q

Illusory correlation

A

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

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26
Q

Advantages of correlation research

A
  • Allows you to see a relationship
  • efficient, don’t have to complete whole new study(use existing data)
  • provide way to make predictions
  • help dispel illusionary correlations
27
Q

Disadvantages of correlation research

A
  • do not show causation
  • prone to inaccurate reporting
  • other variables may have impact on relationship
28
Q

Summing up the researches

A

All of these methods look to describe the behavior not to explain it
None establish causation

29
Q

Experimental designed research

A

Only research that gets out causation

30
Q

Why do we make a thinking error by perceiving order in random events

A

Random sequence don’t often look random

31
Q

Research method 5: the experiment

A

An investigator manipulates 1 or more factors (IV) to observe their effect on some behavior or mental process (DV) while having other factors by random selection

32
Q

Operational definition

A

A statement of operations used to define research variables

33
Q

Components of an experiment

A

IV-experimental factor and DV-behavior or mental process

34
Q

Steps for a perfect experiment

A

After variables,

1) find participants by random sampling from a representative population
2) randomly assign the participants to the control and experimental conditions

35
Q

Groups within an experiment: experimental condition

A

The group of participants that is exposed to the independent variable (treatment)

36
Q

Groups within an experiment: control condition

A

Group of participants that does not receive the independent variable (treatment vs no treatment)

37
Q

control condition placebo

A

Inert substance (usually in form of a fake pill)

38
Q

Steps for a perfect experiment continued

A
  1. Set up control procedures to stop possible bias and confounding variables
39
Q

Steps for a perfect experiment continued: double blind procedure

A

Both the research participants and the research staff are blind (ignorant) whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo.

40
Q

Being bias

A

Trying to purposely prove your results

41
Q

Experiments want to avoid: confounding variables

A

A hidden or uncontrolled aspect of an experiment that can resort the results of an experiment

42
Q

Clever Hans

A

Shows importance of control procedures like double blind procedures

43
Q

Last step of a perfect experiment

A

4) compared the results using statistics between the experimental condition and the control condition and see if the differences between the 2 groups of the experiment are statistically significant

44
Q

statistically significant

A

Experimental results are not likely to have happened by random chance;helps establish causation
Usually expressed as a number called a p-value

45
Q

5th step

A

Investigators should replicate the experiment again with different participants

46
Q

Research strategies: replication

A

Repeating the essence of a research study to see whether the basic finding generalized to other subjects and circumstances

47
Q

When experiment goes wrong:

A

Every time you are conducting an experiment, you are trying to prove or reject your hypothesis

48
Q

Type 1 error: false-positive

A

Results show that difference is not true

Pregnancy test says a woman is pregnant when she is not a type 1 error

49
Q

Type 2 error: false negative

A

Results fail to detect difference when there is one

Pregnancy test says a woman is not pregnant when she is shows a type 2

50
Q

Types of statistics psychologists use: inferential statistics

A

Making generalization beyond the general data to try to say something about a broader population.

Stating the American’s public approval of the president after surveying 5000 people involves inferential statistics

51
Q

Types of statistics psychologists use: descriptive statistics

A

Information about the data you have already gathered

52
Q

descriptive statistics: measures of central tendency: mode

A

most frequently occurring

53
Q

Mean: average of a distribution

A

average of a distribution

54
Q

Median

A

The middle scores in the distribution

55
Q

When the mean is distorted

A

Inferences aren’t true

56
Q

Positive skew and negative skew

A

Positive skew- mean is bigger than median

Negative skew- median is smaller than mean

57
Q

Descriptive of statistics continued: range

A

The gap between the highest and lowest scores.

Shows extreme scores

58
Q

Standard deviation

A

How much scores vary around the mean.

Shows how packed together the scores are around the average

59
Q

Ethical procedures in research

A

1) participants should not be out at risk psychologically or physically
2) participants have the right to privacy
3) deception is allowed in experiments but are scrutinized by ethics boards (institutional review board)to decrease risks to subjects.
4) researchers must debrief participants about the full nature of the research immediately after participation.

60
Q

5 and 6 procedures

A
  1. Informed consent

6. Permitted to leave at one point

61
Q

Advantages of experimental research

A
  1. Establishes cause and effect
  2. Allows IV and DV to be closely controlled and manipulated
  3. Allow double-blind method to control bias
  4. Can be replicated
62
Q

Disadvantages of experimental research

A

1) Experimental environment may be artificial and not relate to real world.
2) may be difficult to eliminate all confounding variables

63
Q
  1. Hawthorne effect
A

People’s behavior tends to change just by the fact that they’re being watched

64
Q

Sampling bias

A

Any non random technique

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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