Unit 7 Pt 1: Motivation Flashcards
1
Q
Motivation
A
Need or desire that serves to energize behavior
2
Q
Behavior is guided by
A
Both physiological and psychological needs/desires
3
Q
Instinct
A
Fixed action patterns
4
Q
Instinct refers to
A
Inherited pattern of behavior that is unlearned
5
Q
Instinct is most common in
A
Species other than humans
6
Q
Instinct example
A
Imprinting (duckies)
7
Q
Drive
A
Experienced as an aroused state of psychological/physiological tension caused by some need
8
Q
Drive example
A
Sex drive
9
Q
Drive motivates us to
A
Do something
10
Q
Some psychologists say the goal of our body is to eliminate all drives so that we can experience
A
Homeostasis
11
Q
Homeostasis
A
A balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates
12
Q
Drive is psychological or physical?
A
Psychological
It is stress
13
Q
Optimal arousal preference
A
Change depending on the individual
14
Q
Optimal arousal performance
A
Similar for most people
15
Q
Drive Reduction theory by
A
Clark Hull
16
Q
Drive reduction theory
A
Physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need
17
Q
Drive reduction theory example
A
Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to drink water
18
Q
After you drink the water
A
The drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis
19
Q
Incentives theory
A
A positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus that motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives
20
Q
Incentives theory example
A
Money, fame, etc.
21
Q
Arousal theory 1
A
Individuals perform tasks at different levels of arousal (wakefulness/sleep)
22
Q
Arousal theory 2
A
Each individual seeks to find its optimal level of arousal to perform tasks and avoid boredom
23
Q
People with high levels of optimal arousal vs low
A
High: like thrilling things
Low: relaxing quiet activities
24
Q
We are _______ to do some things to maintain our arousal
A
Motivated
25
Yerkes-Dodson Principle of arousal graph
Graph forms an inverted U
26
Yerkes-Dodson Principle
Basic general tasks are completed best with a moderate level of arousal
27
Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: difficult and skill based tasks
Moderate low arousal
28
Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: easy/effort based tasks
Moderate high arousal
29
A biological theory of hunger
```
Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) accompany our feelings of hunger.
Balloon in stomach boy experiment
```
30
Glucose
Blood sugar that provides energy to the body’s tissues
31
When your glucose levels are LOW
You will feel hungry
32
When glucose levels are HIGH
You will feel full
33
Feeling of being full (food wise)
Satiety
34
Primary regulator of glucose levels (hormone)
Insulin
35
Without insulin and cause
Body doesn’t efficiently dispose of glucose and provide it as energy
Diabetes
36
When neurotransmitters are at low levels
You will feel hungry
37
When neurotransmitters are at high levels, you will feel
Full
38
Hunger related neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
39
Hypothalamus
The main brain structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities
40
Lateral hypothalamus
Brings on hunger
41
If lateral hypothalamus is destroyed
No interest in food/stimulation will do opposite
42
Way to remember lateral hypothalamus
LAT makes you FAT (When stimulated)
43
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Depresses hunger
44
If ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed
Animal will overeat/stimulation will do opposite
45
Way to remember ventromedial hypothalamus
VEN makes you THIN (when stimulated)
46
Leptin
Protein produced by bloated fat cells
47
Leptin is when
These levels of protein rise, the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activity
48
Stop eating and do something
Leptin
| Rat treadmill experiment
49
of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extend
Genetic influences
50
Set point
Body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat”
51
When body falls below weight
Hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues
52
Basal metabolic rate (metabolism)
Body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
53
Metabolism is basically like
How much calories you burn while doing nothing
54
Some individuals’ metabolisms are much higher than others: true or false?
True
55
Operant conditioning in eating
If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy
56
Classical conditioning in eating
People can develop taste aversions due to certain associations
57
Modeling
Imitation of healthy or poor eating habits can effect child’s eating
58
Modeling in eating example
I’m vegetarian because I’m raised that way
59
Culture’s influences on eating
Our culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits
60
Culture’s influences on eating example
Portions
| I don’t like beef/ham
61
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves
62
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting
63
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physical needs
At the bottom must be met first
64
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: psychological needs come
After physical needs
65
Ultimate goal of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self actualization
66
Approach-approach conflict
Stressful tension state that arises as a result of an attraction towards 2 attractive goals
67
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state that arises as a result having to choose between 2 goals that are both repulsive
68
Avoidance-avoidance conflict example
Trump or Hillary?
69
Approach-approach conflict example
Sweet or savory?
70
Approach-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state caused when one goal/object has both positive and negative characteristics
71
Approach-avoidance conflict
Deciding whether to have sex without a condom.
| Sex feels good but there is a risk of pregnancy
72
Double approach-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state that arises when having to choose between 2 or MORE goals/objects that have both attractive and repulsive qualities.
73
Most common and complex stress/ decision conflict
Double approach avoidance conflict
74
Double approach-avoidance conflict
Assessing Pros and cons of what food to eat
75
Hypothalamus is for hunger. Lateral hypothalamus makes you fat.
What section is this in?
Brain structure
76
Glucose, leptin, norepinephrine
| What section is this in?
Body chemistry
77
Some people are overweight no matter how much they exercise
Set point
Metabolism
What section is this in?
Genetics
78
Eat broccoli so mom gives you dessert
| What section is this in?
Reinforcement
79
You’re vegetarian because your family doesn’t eat meat
| What section is this in?
Modeling
80
In different countries: different portions of food, spiciness, amount of meat, etc
What section is this in?
Culture
81
Sexual response cycle is followed by whom?
Kinsey
82
Sexual response cycle
Scientists looked to identify typical sexual reactions among volunteers in the 1960s.
83
Who filmed and identified sexual response cycle?
Master and Johnson
84
Sexual response cycle stages
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
85
Way to remember sexual response cycle
R.O.P.E (backwards)
86
Excitement
Blood flows to the genital areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge
87
Which gender enters excitement faster?
Males
88
What happens in Plateau phase?
Breathing increases
| Penal and vaginal secretions increase
89
Peak of the excitement phase
Plateau phase
90
Why you can get pregnant without ejaculation is in which phase?
Plateau
91
Orgasm
Ejaculation in the male and vaginal contractions in the female
92
Resolution phase
Body returns to unaroused state
93
What neurotransmitters are released after an orgasm?
Dopamine and gaba
94
Refractory period
Males’ resting period where they cannot have another orgasm
95
Estrogen
Females become sexually receptive when this sex hormone (greater in females) peaks during ovulation
96
Testosterone
These levels also affect sex drive in both males and females
97
Hormones are monitored by
Hypothalamus
HORNY HORNY HYPOS!!!!!!!!!
98
Sexual orientation
An enduring sexual attraction towards people of either the same gender or opposite
99
Most common sexualities
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
100
If a twin brother is gay, there is 52% of chance that the other twin
Will also be gay
| Only 52 so genes is not everything!
101
Prenatal exposure to certain hormones example
More estrogen may be linked to homosexuality for men.
102
More psychologists believe that _________ more than nurture influences sexual orientation
Nature
| But the answer is not completely solved, yet!
103
Achievement motivation
Desire to accompany things and attaining a high standard
104
2 types of achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation
105
Intrinsic motivation
Performing tasks for its own sake
106
Extrinsic motivation
Performing tasks because you will receive rewards or punishments
107
What types of tasks do people with high achievement challenge themselves with?
Moderately difficult
108
Industrial-Organizational psychology
Sub field of psychology that studies workplace behavior
109
Industrial-Organizational psychology looks to understand
How to boost productivity and morale
110
2 leadership styles
Task leadership and social leadership
111
Task leadership
Goals of organization (the actual task)
112
Social leadership
Group oriented leadership focused on relationship building
| Teamwork and mediation of conflict
113
Women are different in men in their sexual responses in that they
they remain aroused longer than men.
114
Damage to the ________ would be expected to render a wild animal tame and placid.
Limbic system
115
The sensation of hunger in response to low blood sugar is due to activation of the ________.
Lateral hypothalamus
116
The satiety system is to the feeding system as the __________ hypothalamus is to the __________ hypothalamus.
ventromedial; lateral
