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AP Psychology > Unit 7 Pt 1: Motivation > Flashcards

Unit 7 Pt 1: Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Motivation

A

Need or desire that serves to energize behavior

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2
Q

Behavior is guided by

A

Both physiological and psychological needs/desires

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3
Q

Instinct

A

Fixed action patterns

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4
Q

Instinct refers to

A

Inherited pattern of behavior that is unlearned

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5
Q

Instinct is most common in

A

Species other than humans

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6
Q

Instinct example

A

Imprinting (duckies)

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7
Q

Drive

A

Experienced as an aroused state of psychological/physiological tension caused by some need

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8
Q

Drive example

A

Sex drive

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9
Q

Drive motivates us to

A

Do something

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10
Q

Some psychologists say the goal of our body is to eliminate all drives so that we can experience

A

Homeostasis

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11
Q

Homeostasis

A

A balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates

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12
Q

Drive is psychological or physical?

A

Psychological

It is stress

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13
Q

Optimal arousal preference

A

Change depending on the individual

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14
Q

Optimal arousal performance

A

Similar for most people

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15
Q

Drive Reduction theory by

A

Clark Hull

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16
Q

Drive reduction theory

A

Physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need

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17
Q

Drive reduction theory example

A

Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to drink water

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18
Q

After you drink the water

A

The drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis

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19
Q

Incentives theory

A

A positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus that motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives

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20
Q

Incentives theory example

A

Money, fame, etc.

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21
Q

Arousal theory 1

A

Individuals perform tasks at different levels of arousal (wakefulness/sleep)

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22
Q

Arousal theory 2

A

Each individual seeks to find its optimal level of arousal to perform tasks and avoid boredom

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23
Q

People with high levels of optimal arousal vs low

A

High: like thrilling things

Low: relaxing quiet activities

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24
Q

We are _______ to do some things to maintain our arousal

A

Motivated

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25
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Principle of arousal graph

A

Graph forms an inverted U

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26
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Principle

A

Basic general tasks are completed best with a moderate level of arousal

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27
Q

Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: difficult and skill based tasks

A

Moderate low arousal

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28
Q

Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: easy/effort based tasks

A

Moderate high arousal

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29
Q

A biological theory of hunger

A 
Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) accompany our feelings of hunger. 
Balloon in stomach boy experiment
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30
Q

Glucose

A

Blood sugar that provides energy to the body’s tissues

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31
Q

When your glucose levels are LOW

A

You will feel hungry

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32
Q

When glucose levels are HIGH

A

You will feel full

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33
Q

Feeling of being full (food wise)

A

Satiety

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34
Q

Primary regulator of glucose levels (hormone)

A

Insulin

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35
Q

Without insulin and cause

A

Body doesn’t efficiently dispose of glucose and provide it as energy
Diabetes

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36
Q

When neurotransmitters are at low levels

A

You will feel hungry

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37
Q

When neurotransmitters are at high levels, you will feel

A

Full

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38
Q

Hunger related neurotransmitters

A

Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin

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39
Q

Hypothalamus

A

The main brain structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities

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40
Q

Lateral hypothalamus

A

Brings on hunger

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41
Q

If lateral hypothalamus is destroyed

A

No interest in food/stimulation will do opposite

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42
Q

Way to remember lateral hypothalamus

A

LAT makes you FAT (When stimulated)

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43
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus

A

Depresses hunger

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44
Q

If ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed

A

Animal will overeat/stimulation will do opposite

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45
Q

Way to remember ventromedial hypothalamus

A

VEN makes you THIN (when stimulated)

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46
Q

Leptin

A

Protein produced by bloated fat cells

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47
Q

Leptin is when

A

These levels of protein rise, the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activity

48
Q

Stop eating and do something

A

Leptin

Rat treadmill experiment

49
Q

of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extend

A

Genetic influences

50
Q

Set point

A

Body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat”

51
Q

When body falls below weight

A

Hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues

52
Q

Basal metabolic rate (metabolism)

A

Body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

53
Q

Metabolism is basically like

A

How much calories you burn while doing nothing

54
Q

Some individuals’ metabolisms are much higher than others: true or false?

A

True

55
Q

Operant conditioning in eating

A

If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy

56
Q

Classical conditioning in eating

A

People can develop taste aversions due to certain associations

57
Q

Modeling

A

Imitation of healthy or poor eating habits can effect child’s eating

58
Q

Modeling in eating example

A

I’m vegetarian because I’m raised that way

59
Q

Culture’s influences on eating

A

Our culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits

60
Q

Culture’s influences on eating example

A

Portions

I don’t like beef/ham

61
Q

Anorexia nervosa

A

Eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves

62
Q

Bulimia nervosa

A

An eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting

63
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physical needs

A

At the bottom must be met first

64
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: psychological needs come

A

After physical needs

65
Q

Ultimate goal of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Self actualization

66
Q

Approach-approach conflict

A

Stressful tension state that arises as a result of an attraction towards 2 attractive goals

67
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict

A

Stressful tension state that arises as a result having to choose between 2 goals that are both repulsive

68
Q

Avoidance-avoidance conflict example

A

Trump or Hillary?

69
Q

Approach-approach conflict example

A

Sweet or savory?

70
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Stressful tension state caused when one goal/object has both positive and negative characteristics

71
Q

Approach-avoidance conflict

A

Deciding whether to have sex without a condom.

Sex feels good but there is a risk of pregnancy

72
Q

Double approach-avoidance conflict

A

Stressful tension state that arises when having to choose between 2 or MORE goals/objects that have both attractive and repulsive qualities.

73
Q

Most common and complex stress/ decision conflict

A

Double approach avoidance conflict

74
Q

Double approach-avoidance conflict

A

Assessing Pros and cons of what food to eat

75
Q

Hypothalamus is for hunger. Lateral hypothalamus makes you fat.
What section is this in?

A

Brain structure

76
Q

Glucose, leptin, norepinephrine

What section is this in?

A

Body chemistry

77
Q

Some people are overweight no matter how much they exercise
Set point
Metabolism
What section is this in?

A

Genetics

78
Q

Eat broccoli so mom gives you dessert

What section is this in?

A

Reinforcement

79
Q

You’re vegetarian because your family doesn’t eat meat

What section is this in?

A

Modeling

80
Q

In different countries: different portions of food, spiciness, amount of meat, etc
What section is this in?

A

Culture

81
Q

Sexual response cycle is followed by whom?

A

Kinsey

82
Q

Sexual response cycle

A

Scientists looked to identify typical sexual reactions among volunteers in the 1960s.

83
Q

Who filmed and identified sexual response cycle?

A

Master and Johnson

84
Q

Sexual response cycle stages

A

Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution

85
Q

Way to remember sexual response cycle

A

R.O.P.E (backwards)

86
Q

Excitement

A

Blood flows to the genital areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge

87
Q

Which gender enters excitement faster?

A

Males

88
Q

What happens in Plateau phase?

A

Breathing increases

Penal and vaginal secretions increase

89
Q

Peak of the excitement phase

A

Plateau phase

90
Q

Why you can get pregnant without ejaculation is in which phase?

A

Plateau

91
Q

Orgasm

A

Ejaculation in the male and vaginal contractions in the female

92
Q

Resolution phase

A

Body returns to unaroused state

93
Q

What neurotransmitters are released after an orgasm?

A

Dopamine and gaba

94
Q

Refractory period

A

Males’ resting period where they cannot have another orgasm

95
Q

Estrogen

A

Females become sexually receptive when this sex hormone (greater in females) peaks during ovulation

96
Q

Testosterone

A

These levels also affect sex drive in both males and females

97
Q

Hormones are monitored by

A

Hypothalamus

HORNY HORNY HYPOS!!!!!!!!!

98
Q

Sexual orientation

A

An enduring sexual attraction towards people of either the same gender or opposite

99
Q

Most common sexualities

A

Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual

100
Q

If a twin brother is gay, there is 52% of chance that the other twin

A

Will also be gay

Only 52 so genes is not everything!

101
Q

Prenatal exposure to certain hormones example

A

More estrogen may be linked to homosexuality for men.

102
Q

More psychologists believe that _________ more than nurture influences sexual orientation

A

Nature

But the answer is not completely solved, yet!

103
Q

Achievement motivation

A

Desire to accompany things and attaining a high standard

104
Q

2 types of achievement motivation

A

Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation

105
Q

Intrinsic motivation

A

Performing tasks for its own sake

106
Q

Extrinsic motivation

A

Performing tasks because you will receive rewards or punishments

107
Q

What types of tasks do people with high achievement challenge themselves with?

A

Moderately difficult

108
Q

Industrial-Organizational psychology

A

Sub field of psychology that studies workplace behavior

109
Q

Industrial-Organizational psychology looks to understand

A

How to boost productivity and morale

110
Q

2 leadership styles

A

Task leadership and social leadership

111
Q

Task leadership

A

Goals of organization (the actual task)

112
Q

Social leadership

A

Group oriented leadership focused on relationship building

Teamwork and mediation of conflict

113
Q

Women are different in men in their sexual responses in that they

A

they remain aroused longer than men.

114
Q

Damage to the ________ would be expected to render a wild animal tame and placid.

A

Limbic system

115
Q

The sensation of hunger in response to low blood sugar is due to activation of the ________.

A

Lateral hypothalamus

116
Q

The satiety system is to the feeding system as the __________ hypothalamus is to the __________ hypothalamus.

A

ventromedial; lateral

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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