Unit 7 Pt 1: Motivation Flashcards
Motivation
Need or desire that serves to energize behavior
Behavior is guided by
Both physiological and psychological needs/desires
Instinct
Fixed action patterns
Instinct refers to
Inherited pattern of behavior that is unlearned
Instinct is most common in
Species other than humans
Instinct example
Imprinting (duckies)
Drive
Experienced as an aroused state of psychological/physiological tension caused by some need
Drive example
Sex drive
Drive motivates us to
Do something
Some psychologists say the goal of our body is to eliminate all drives so that we can experience
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
A balanced or constant internal state that the body regulates
Drive is psychological or physical?
Psychological
It is stress
Optimal arousal preference
Change depending on the individual
Optimal arousal performance
Similar for most people
Drive Reduction theory by
Clark Hull
Drive reduction theory
Physiological needs create tension states (drives) which motivates organism to satisfy the need
Drive reduction theory example
Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to drink water
After you drink the water
The drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis
Incentives theory
A positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus that motivates behavior apart from “need” to reduce drives
Incentives theory example
Money, fame, etc.
Arousal theory 1
Individuals perform tasks at different levels of arousal (wakefulness/sleep)
Arousal theory 2
Each individual seeks to find its optimal level of arousal to perform tasks and avoid boredom
People with high levels of optimal arousal vs low
High: like thrilling things
Low: relaxing quiet activities
We are _______ to do some things to maintain our arousal
Motivated
Yerkes-Dodson Principle of arousal graph
Graph forms an inverted U
Yerkes-Dodson Principle
Basic general tasks are completed best with a moderate level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: difficult and skill based tasks
Moderate low arousal
Yerkes-Dodson expanded arousal theory: easy/effort based tasks
Moderate high arousal
A biological theory of hunger
Stomach contractions (hunger pangs) accompany our feelings of hunger. Balloon in stomach boy experiment
Glucose
Blood sugar that provides energy to the body’s tissues
When your glucose levels are LOW
You will feel hungry
When glucose levels are HIGH
You will feel full
Feeling of being full (food wise)
Satiety
Primary regulator of glucose levels (hormone)
Insulin
Without insulin and cause
Body doesn’t efficiently dispose of glucose and provide it as energy
Diabetes
When neurotransmitters are at low levels
You will feel hungry
When neurotransmitters are at high levels, you will feel
Full
Hunger related neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine
Dopamine
Serotonin
Hypothalamus
The main brain structure which monitors hunger along with other maintenance activities
Lateral hypothalamus
Brings on hunger
If lateral hypothalamus is destroyed
No interest in food/stimulation will do opposite
Way to remember lateral hypothalamus
LAT makes you FAT (When stimulated)
Ventromedial hypothalamus
Depresses hunger
If ventromedial hypothalamus is destroyed
Animal will overeat/stimulation will do opposite
Way to remember ventromedial hypothalamus
VEN makes you THIN (when stimulated)
Leptin
Protein produced by bloated fat cells
Leptin is when
These levels of protein rise, the body tells you to stop eating and pursue some type of activity
Stop eating and do something
Leptin
Rat treadmill experiment
of fat cells is determined by genetics to a certain extend
Genetic influences
Set point
Body’s ideal weight set by its “weight thermostat”
When body falls below weight
Hunger increases and a lowered metabolic rate continues
Basal metabolic rate (metabolism)
Body’s resting rate of energy expenditure
Metabolism is basically like
How much calories you burn while doing nothing
Some individuals’ metabolisms are much higher than others: true or false?
True
Operant conditioning in eating
If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy
Classical conditioning in eating
People can develop taste aversions due to certain associations
Modeling
Imitation of healthy or poor eating habits can effect child’s eating
Modeling in eating example
I’m vegetarian because I’m raised that way
Culture’s influences on eating
Our culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits
Culture’s influences on eating example
Portions
I don’t like beef/ham
Anorexia nervosa
Eating disorder in which a normal weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves
Bulimia nervosa
An eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: physical needs
At the bottom must be met first
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: psychological needs come
After physical needs
Ultimate goal of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Self actualization
Approach-approach conflict
Stressful tension state that arises as a result of an attraction towards 2 attractive goals
Avoidance-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state that arises as a result having to choose between 2 goals that are both repulsive
Avoidance-avoidance conflict example
Trump or Hillary?
Approach-approach conflict example
Sweet or savory?
Approach-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state caused when one goal/object has both positive and negative characteristics
Approach-avoidance conflict
Deciding whether to have sex without a condom.
Sex feels good but there is a risk of pregnancy
Double approach-avoidance conflict
Stressful tension state that arises when having to choose between 2 or MORE goals/objects that have both attractive and repulsive qualities.
Most common and complex stress/ decision conflict
Double approach avoidance conflict
Double approach-avoidance conflict
Assessing Pros and cons of what food to eat
Hypothalamus is for hunger. Lateral hypothalamus makes you fat.
What section is this in?
Brain structure
Glucose, leptin, norepinephrine
What section is this in?
Body chemistry
Some people are overweight no matter how much they exercise
Set point
Metabolism
What section is this in?
Genetics
Eat broccoli so mom gives you dessert
What section is this in?
Reinforcement
You’re vegetarian because your family doesn’t eat meat
What section is this in?
Modeling
In different countries: different portions of food, spiciness, amount of meat, etc
What section is this in?
Culture
Sexual response cycle is followed by whom?
Kinsey
Sexual response cycle
Scientists looked to identify typical sexual reactions among volunteers in the 1960s.
Who filmed and identified sexual response cycle?
Master and Johnson
Sexual response cycle stages
Excitement
Plateau
Orgasm
Resolution
Way to remember sexual response cycle
R.O.P.E (backwards)
Excitement
Blood flows to the genital areas causing both sexes’ genitals to enlarge
Which gender enters excitement faster?
Males
What happens in Plateau phase?
Breathing increases
Penal and vaginal secretions increase
Peak of the excitement phase
Plateau phase
Why you can get pregnant without ejaculation is in which phase?
Plateau
Orgasm
Ejaculation in the male and vaginal contractions in the female
Resolution phase
Body returns to unaroused state
What neurotransmitters are released after an orgasm?
Dopamine and gaba
Refractory period
Males’ resting period where they cannot have another orgasm
Estrogen
Females become sexually receptive when this sex hormone (greater in females) peaks during ovulation
Testosterone
These levels also affect sex drive in both males and females
Hormones are monitored by
Hypothalamus
HORNY HORNY HYPOS!!!!!!!!!
Sexual orientation
An enduring sexual attraction towards people of either the same gender or opposite
Most common sexualities
Heterosexual
Homosexual
Bisexual
If a twin brother is gay, there is 52% of chance that the other twin
Will also be gay
Only 52 so genes is not everything!
Prenatal exposure to certain hormones example
More estrogen may be linked to homosexuality for men.
More psychologists believe that _________ more than nurture influences sexual orientation
Nature
But the answer is not completely solved, yet!
Achievement motivation
Desire to accompany things and attaining a high standard
2 types of achievement motivation
Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Performing tasks for its own sake
Extrinsic motivation
Performing tasks because you will receive rewards or punishments
What types of tasks do people with high achievement challenge themselves with?
Moderately difficult
Industrial-Organizational psychology
Sub field of psychology that studies workplace behavior
Industrial-Organizational psychology looks to understand
How to boost productivity and morale
2 leadership styles
Task leadership and social leadership
Task leadership
Goals of organization (the actual task)
Social leadership
Group oriented leadership focused on relationship building
Teamwork and mediation of conflict
Women are different in men in their sexual responses in that they
they remain aroused longer than men.
Damage to the ________ would be expected to render a wild animal tame and placid.
Limbic system
The sensation of hunger in response to low blood sugar is due to activation of the ________.
Lateral hypothalamus
The satiety system is to the feeding system as the __________ hypothalamus is to the __________ hypothalamus.
ventromedial; lateral
