Memory Pt 2: Storage, Retrieval, And Forgetting Flashcards
Sensory memory
Refers to the initial recording of sensory information in the memory system.
All information in the sensory memory is briefly held for how long?
1/2 to 4 seconds
Sensory memory include
Iconic memory and echoic memory
Iconic memory
A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli
Iconic memory duration
Few tenth of a second
ICONic memory (way to remember)
Eye
Desktop icon
Echoic memory
A momentary sensory memory for auditory stimuli
Echoic memory duration
3-4 seconds
ECHOic memory
Memory will echo back
Sound
Why is sensory memory very hard to measure?
It fades away as we try to measure it
Who measured iconic memory?
George Sperling
Sensory memory disappears unless
You focus your selective attention on the information
Attention causes information to be further processed into
Short term memory
Subliminal message
Cannot be consciously aware of the message
Short duration (10-15 seconds)
Holds limited information
Short term memory
Only through ________ do short term memories become long term memories
Rehearsal/practice
“There comes a time when for every addition of knowledge you forget something you knew before” true or false?
False, long term memory is unlimited
Karl Lashley maze memory experiment for rats
She searched for the brain “engram” physical “memory trace” in rats after they had run mazes from 1920-1955.
Lashley’s belief on where memories are stored
Learning was NOT localized, all parts of the cortex worked together and as a whole
Long term potential (LTP)
Long-lasting strengthening of the connection between 2 neuron. Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
Long Term Potential (LTP)
LTP process
Occurs naturally when we learn through association.. after learning has occurred, neurons involved in process become more efficient at transmitting the signals.
Drugs that block LTP affect
Learning drastically
Strong emotions are for stronger memories such as
Stress hormones boost impact on learning
LTP is what theory of memory?
BIOLOGICAL theory of memory
The lady who know exactly about all her past memories had an increase of
Long term potential
Long term POTENTIAL
Action potential
Loss of memory
Amnesia
Amnesiac patients typically have
Losses in explicit memory
Explicit memory aka
Declarative memory
Explicit memory simple words
Facts memory
Declarative memory
Memory of facts and experiences the one can consciously know and declare
Anterograde Amnesia
Type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO FORM ANY NEW MEMORIES
Can’t remember anything that has occurred AFTER a traumatic head injury
Anterograde amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Type of memory loss where patients are UNABLE TO REMEMBER PAST EVENTS.
May forget everything that happened BEFORE a traumatic head injury
Retrograde amnesia
Concussions have what type of amnesia
Retrograde amnesia
Hippocampus in explicit memory
Neural center located in limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage
Left and right hippocampus
Have different effects
Prospective memory
Form of memory that involves remembering to perform a pervious behavior in the future at the appropriate time
Prospective memory is used
Everyday for simple tasks and for potentially life or death situations
Opposite of retrospective memory
Prospective memory
Examples of prospective memory
Remembering to grab papers in the beginning of class
Remember to take pills
Implicit memory is through
Cerebellum
Implicit memory AKA
Procedural memory
Procedural memory
Retention of things without conscious recollection
Implicit memory is what type of memory?
Skill memory
Cerebellum’s role in implicit memory
Helps facilitate associate learning responses ie classical conditioning
Cutting pathway to the cerebellum makes rabbits unable
To learn conditioned responses.
2 types of long term memories
Explicit and implicit
Explicit memory 2 functions
Facts-general knowledge (semantic memory)
Personality experienced events (episodic memory)
Implicit memory 2 functions
Skills-motor and cognitive
Dispositions classical and operant conditioning effects
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
Recall example
Fill in the blank
Recognition
A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned
Recognition example
Multiple choice
Priming
Activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations of memory
Priming example
Mr. Dwyer said a bunch of words related to sleep so I thought he said sleep
Retrieval cues: context effects memory retrieval
Able to retrieve information better when you are in the same context you learned it in
Retrieval cues: emotional/mood impact memory types
State dependent memory
Mood congruent memory
State dependent memory
Information is most easily recalled when in same “STATE” OF CONSCIOUSNESS it was learned
State dependent memory example
Getting drunk and putting scissors somewhere and cant find them so you have to get drunk again to find them
Mood congruent memory
Tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current mood
Memory connected to mood
Mood congruent memory
Forgetting is a result of either
Encoding failure
Storage decay or
Retrieval failure
Encoding failure
When distracted or not paying attention
Forgetting as encoding failure: information __________ enters the memory system
Never
Forgetting as encoding failure: attention is
Selective
Attention is selective in forgetting as encoding failure
We cannot attend to everything in our environment
William James on forgetting as encoding failure said that
We would be as bad off if we remembered everything as we would be if we remembered nothing
Retrieval failure
Forgetting can result from failure to retrieve information from long term memory
Retrieval failure example
Tip of the tongue
Forgetting as interference:
Learning some items may disrupt retrieval of other information
Proactive(forward acting) interference
Disruptive effective of prior learning on recall of new information
Retroactive (backwards acting) interference
Disruptive effective of new learning on recall of old information
When he confused your name with his ex is what type of interference?
Proactive
Learning about civil war, then learning about revolutionary war and getting confused about civil war is what type of interference?
Retroactive interference
