Psychological Disorders And Abnormal Psychology Pt. 2 Flashcards
Most common psychological disorder
Depressive disorders
All depressive disorders involve
Sad, empty, or irritable moods which are accompanied by cognitive and somatic changes that significantly alter a person’s ability to function
Somatic changes due to depressive disorders
Bodily changes: apatite, sleep
Types of depressive disorders (3)
Major depressive disorder
Dysthymia (persistent depressive disorder)
Seasonal affective disorder
Major depressive disorder must met at least 5 of the following symptoms for _____ or ____ weeks
2 or more
Symptoms of major depressive disorder
Depressed mood, loss of interest in activities, changes in weight, changes in sleeping patterns, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, diminished ability to concentrate, or repeated thoughts of death/suicide
Major depressive disorder also may cause Significant distress and
Loss of their ability to function normally
Dysthymia (persistent depression) show depressive symptoms for
2 or more years
Seasonal affective disorder aka
Winter depression
Seasonal affective disorder
Nearly unknown in the tropics, but measurably prevalent in higher latitudes especially polar areas where daylight becomes rare in winter
What neurotransmitter is scarce during depression?
Serotonin
In depression, a person’s _____ lobe is less active
Frontal—> problem solving and decisions
Cognitively, people tend to have a negative explanatory outlook which helps feel
Depression and lower mood
Vicious cycle of depression
—>Stressful experiences—> negative explanatory style—> depressed mood—> cognitive and behavioral changes
Females are more likely to _____ suicide; males are more likely to ___ suicide
Attempt, commit
Bipolar disorder: BI and POLAR
BI- 2
POLAR- extremes of mood poles
Bipolar disorder
Mood disorder in which person alternates between hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited, hyperactive, optimistic state of mania
Bipolar disorder used to be known as
Manic depressive
Extremely elevated and excitable mood usually associated with bipolar disorder
Mania
Has high epinephrine
In general, dissociate disorders are
Disorders in which a person’s conscious awareness becomes separate (dissociated) from previous memories and feelings
When conscious awareness becomes separated from previous memories and feelings it leads to
Amnesia
Dissociate disorders involve (link to memory)
Memory loss and disconnection to the self
Dissociative identity disorder Used to be known as
multiple personality disorder
Dissociative identity disorder
Rare disorder where person exhibits 2 or more distinct and alternating personalities
Split in awareness
Dissociation
Cause of spilt personality and dissociative disorder: most commonly reported in people who have been a victim of
Physical/sexual abuse when they were young
______ is involved when alternate personalities “take over”
Amnesia
Each alternating personality has its own
Memories, behaviors, and relationships, and may have different physical symptoms like allergies
Unlike other forms of memory loss, dissociative memory loss is NOT caused by
Brain trauma
Dissociative memory is caused by
Psychological trauma, intense anxiety
Dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia
Inability to remember autobiographical information that is beyond normal forgetting
Dissociative (psychogenic) amnesia can include falling into a
Dissociative fugue stage
Bipolar 1- _____ mania
Severe
Bipolar 2 ______ ______ mania
Less severe; hypomania
Dissociative (psychogenic) FUGUE state
Flee/leave
Dissociative (psychogenic) fugue state
When person with amnesia physically moves away from home or travels great distance in amnesiac state
Dissociative (psychogenic) fugue state is usually temporary and according to some research is caused by
Traumatic/stressful episode
Dissociative (psychogenic) fugue state is considered to be part of the
Dissociative amnesia disorder category according to DSM 5
Symptoms for dissociative disorders
Memory loss/amnesia Depersonalization Derealization Taking on 2/more distinct personalities in case of dissociative identity disorder Considered non-psychotic
Symptoms for dissociative disorders: depersonalization
Feeling disconnected from one’s body
Symptoms for dissociative disorders: derealization
Feeling detached from environment. Experiences seem unreal, dream-like, life-less, or foggy
Schizophrenia
Disorder characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions
Schizophrenics often experience
Hallucinations (false perceptions) that impact sense and delusions (false beliefs of grandeur or persecution)
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 1delusions
False beliefs of persecution, grandeur, thought insertion, paranoia
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 2perceptions distortions
Hallucinations
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 3disorganized speech
Word salad, incoherence
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 4disorganized thinking
Ideas slip off track
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 5Disturbance in emotions
Inappropriate-laugh at funerals, cry at a bday cake, FLAT- No emotion
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 6motor skill disturbances
Rigid posture, catatonic
Symptoms of schizophrenia: 7disturbed reality
Lose touch, are psychotic
Positive symptoms
Active symptoms
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
Involve the PRESENCE of inappropriate perceptions behavior- hallucinations, delusions, “word salad”, inappropriate laughter, etc
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
Involves the absence of appropriate behavior
Toneless voices, expressionless, Regid, mute, etc.
Passive symptoms- does nothing
Negative symptoms are often associated with Catatonia
Diminished emotional expressions- no facial expressions, eye contact, voice inflection, or body language
Avolition
Decrease in purposeful, motivated behavior. “Doing nothing”
Catatonia
Lots of negative symptoms cause them to appear “statue-like” rigid posture, no communication
In schizophrenia, delusions continue to exist even when
Contradictory evidence is presented
Persecutory
Paranoid belief one is going to be harmed by outside force
Grandiose
Belief that one has special powers, wealth, or fame
Erotomanic
False belief that another person is in love with them
Thought withdrawal or insertion
Belief that some force is deleting or inserting thoughts
Delusions of control
Belief that your actions are being controlled by some outside force
Hallucinations (false perception) can impact
All of the senses
Most common type of hallucinations a schizophrenic suffers from is
Auditory- hearing voices, but hallucinations can impact all of our senses like see, smell, touch
Most psychologists believe disorganized thinking and hallucinations is caused by a breakdown in
Selective attention
Dopamine hypnosis
States breakdown in selective attention is caused by EXCESS of the neurotransmitter, dopamine. Researchers believe receptors for this transmitter are overactive
Medications like Thorazine lessen the positive symptoms of schizophrenia by
Blocking dopamine receptors thus either preventing the release of dopamine or LOWERING ITS LEVELS
Side effects of medications for schizophrenia
Tremors and seizures- TARDIVE DYSKINESA
Restlessness, slowed mental functioning, sexual dysfunction, drowsiness, depression, and reduced apatite among others
Medications for schizophrenia can also worsen
Negative symptoms or can put patient at risk for overdose
Postmortem brain scans reveal enlarged fluid filled areas of the brain called
Ventricles in many diagnosed with schizophrenia along with SHRUNKEN THALAMUS AREA- sensory switchboard
During schizophrenia , correlations also show less
Grey matter (helps with thinking and consolidating sensory and cognitive data in brain)
Genetic influences with schizophrenia: twin studies
Higher correlation between identical than fraternal
Genetic influences with schizophrenia: adoption studies
More at risk if biological parent has disorder than adoptive parent
Genetic influences with schizophrenia: family studies
Tends to run in the family
