Personality Pt. 2: Trait Humanistic, And Soial Cognitive Perspectives Flashcards
Father of trait perspective personality
Gardon Allport
Trait perspective looks to describe
Personality in terms of fundamental traits: pattern of behavior or disposition to feel or act as assessed by self-reported inventories or peer reports
What does trait do?
Describes your personality
Method used for measuring personality for trait perspective
Personality inventory
Personality inventory
A questionnaire that is usually true/false in which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits
Weakness of personality inventory
People lie- social desirability bias
Example of personality inventory (trait perspective)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory
Most widely used personality test
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality inventory purpose
Identify EMOTIONAL DISORDERS but is also now used for screening purposes of employment
Test is an example of being empirically derived test:
Having pool of test questions that discriminate between groups
empirically derived test examples
Certain questions depressed vs normal people were likely to answer differently
Ensenck’s 2 dimensions of personality (trait perspective)
Though factor analysis, Hans Ensencks identified dimensions of personality as: introverted and extroverted
2 dimensions of personality (trait perspective): introverted and extroverted
Introverted: keep to yourself. Not necessary shy
Extroverted: outgoing and stable/unstable
Unstable: moody
The big five personality traits are measured in a inventory called the
NEO PI-R (Trait perspective)
NEO PI-R
If I see a whole bunch of letters and numbers, guess trait
Big 5 personality traits:
Openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
Big 5 personality traits: way to remember
OCEAN
Big 5 personality traits: Openness (to experience)
Measures factors of intellectual curiosity within people
Big 5 personality traits: conscientiousness
Measures self discipline, carefulness, need for achievement, and degree by which people think before acting
Big 5 personality traits: extraversion
Measures social interaction and how assertive people are
Big 5 personality traits: agreeableness
Measures how empathetic, considerate, friendly, and helpful people ar e
Big 5 personality traits: neuroticism
Measures people’s tendencies to experience negative emotional states like stress and anxiety
Raymond Cattell further expands trait perspective with his
16-PF test
16-PF
Personality test which measures 16 primary factors that describe people’s traits
16 primary factors include
Tension, warmth, reasoning, emotional stability, dominance, liveliness, rule consciousness, social boldness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractness, privateness, apprehension, open to change, self reliance, perfectionism
Who further expanded Trait perspective?
Raymond Cattell
Major weakness of the trait perspective
Behaviors associated with our traits change depending on the situation.
Are traits stable and enduring throughout our entire life?
Two founders of the humanistic perspective
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Philosopher of the humanistic perspective
Maslow
Therapist of the humanistic perspective
Carl Rogers
Power of free will and how people view themselves as a whole in pursuit of growth
Humanistic perspective
Humanistic perspective focuses on
The growth potential of healthy people
Maslow differed from Freud since he believed
We are all born good and we naturally move towards self-actualization unless society gets in the way
Self actualization
Ultimate goal in hierarchy of needs; meet one’s potential
Carl Rogers’ Person centered approached believed
All humans had potential for growth with the right environment
Carl Rogers’: All humans had potential for growth; just need climate that has
Genuineness. Acceptance, empathy
Unconditional positive regard
Attitude of total acceptance towards another person
“I’ll love you as long as your bring me food”
Conditional positive regard
Carl Rogers believed the key to self-actualization- term called
Fully functioning
Carl Rogers believed the key to self actualization, a term called fully functioning, was to
Learn to accept ourselves and unite our ideas of the REAL SELF and IDEAL SELF
When we lack unconditional positive regard it leads to
Incongruence
Incongruence
Perceived difference between real and ideal self
Self concept
All thoughts and feelings about ourselves: who am I?
Related terms to understanding self concept
Self esteem and self-serving bias
Self esteem
Feelings of self-worth
Self-serving bias
A readiness to perceive oneself favorably
Humanistic version of defense mechanism
Perceive ourselves favorably
Self serving bias
Individualism
Giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly
Eastern vs Western with collectivism and individualism
East is collective, West is individualistic
Criticism of humanist perspective
Maslow’s concepts are vague and might just be his own values
Too much focus on individual
Ignores human capacity for evil
Father of social cognitive perspective
Albert Bandura
Social cognitive perspective
Emphasizes the importance of external events (society) and how we interpret them (cognition)
Reciprocal determinism
Idea that environment influences personality AND personality influences the environment
Reciprocal determinism: same environment can have completely different effects on different people because
Of how they interpret and react to external events
Self efficiency
Belief that we can perform behaviors that are necessary to accomplish tasks and that we are competent.
When we have high self efficacy we think
We can master situations and produce positive results and are more likely to take disks and try new things
Self efficacy is basically
A thought I have about myself… changes depending on what I’m doing
Self efficacy example
Can be high in one area but low in another
Ex: wisdom vs maths
Theory of personal control and locus of control by
Julius Rotter
Internal locus of control
Idea that one controls their own destiny
Internal locus of control example
Hard work gets rewarded
External locus of control
Idea that one’s fate is outside of their personal control and determined by luck
External locus of control example
People get promotions because they know right people
Which locus of control is more likely to lead to anxiety?
External locus of control
Both the locus’ of control are thoughts
I have about myself, not reality
External locus of control can lead to
Learned helplessness
Learned helplessness
Hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
Learned helplessness example
Dog being uncontrollably shocked for period; will not later escape when time arrives
Dog being uncontrollably shocked for period; will not later escape when time arrives is what type of control
Internal locus of control
Most widely accepted approach by current psychologists since it takes aspects from learning and cognition
Social cognitive perspective
Social cognitive perspective is criticized by some b/c
It fails to consider possible unconscious motives and focuses too much on environment. Not enough on inner traits
