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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Pt 2: Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning > Flashcards

Unit 5 Pt 2: Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened by REINFORCEMENT or weakened by PUNISHMENT… related to consequences

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2
Q

Philosophical term of operant conditioning

A

Law of effect

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3
Q

Law of effect by

A

Thorndike

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4
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to occur

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5
Q

Responded behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

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6
Q

Responded behavior occurs in what conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning

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7
Q

Example of respondent behavior

A

Salivating to meat

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8
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment

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9
Q

Example of operant behavior

A

Stealing and getting arrested may discourage crime

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10
Q

All reinforcement increases

A

The likelihood that a particular behavior will occur

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement simple words

A

Add or give

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12
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Encourages a certain behavior by offering a positive stimulus (reward)

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13
Q

Negative reinforcement is not

A

Punishment

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14
Q

Negative reinforcement also encourages a particular behavior by

A

Removing an aversive(negative stimulus)

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15
Q

Punishment

A

A particular behavior by usually adding an aversive stimulus or taking away a positive stimulus

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16
Q

Punishment simple word

A

Discourage

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17
Q

Examples of punishment

A

A child is spanked for cussing

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18
Q

Criticism of physical punishment

A

May cause children to classically condition fear to parent
Only teaches what not to do
Teaches aggression
Only works when it’s immediately done after behavior

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19
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

a naturally existing (innate) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies biological needs

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20
Q

Primary reinforcer example

A

Food and sex

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21
Q

Negative primary reinforcer

A

Removal of pain

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22
Q

Conditioned reinforcer AKA

A

Secondary reinforcer

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23
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that you’ve to learn usually through its association with a primary reinforcer

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24
Q

Secondary reinforcer example

A

Money
Applause
Lever in Skinner box

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25
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs

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26
Q

In continuous reinforcement learning happens

A

Very quickly

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27
Q

In continuous reinforcement extinction happens

A

Very quickly if reinforcement is stopped

Pigeon pecking

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28
Q

Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

A

Reinforcing a desired behavior only part of the time

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29
Q

In intermittent reinforcement, learning takes

A

Longer (slower acquisition)

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30
Q

In partial reinforcement extinction

A

Takes longer to occur

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31
Q

Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: rats

A

If you delay a reinforcement, virtually no learning will occur

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32
Q

Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: humans

A

Humans recognize delayed reinforcement, immediate gratification sometimes move us to risky behavior.

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33
Q

Immediate vs delayed reinforcement examples

A

Smoking
Drinking
Unprotected sex

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34
Q

Who developed most operant conditioning techniques

A

B.F. Skinner

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35
Q

Skinner box AKA

A

Operant chamber

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36
Q

Major tool used in operant conditioning research

A

Skinner box/operant chamber

37
Q

Skinner box

A

Chamber containing a bar of key than an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcement

38
Q

B.F. Skinner beliefs

A

Doesn’t believe in thinking/biology. Instead environment

39
Q

Skinner box shows about environment that

A

It shapes behavior

40
Q

Shaping easy words

A

Taking a complex behavior and breaking down into parts and rewarding each part

41
Q

Shaping

A

Refers to an operant conditioning technique in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a desired goal

42
Q

Shaping uses

A

Successive approximation

43
Q

Successive approximation

A

Successive- step by step

Approximation- closer and closer to desired behavior

44
Q

Shaping does not

A

Reward every single time, instead each step

45
Q

Fixed

A

Predictable

46
Q

Unpredictable

A

Variable

47
Q

Ratio

A

Number of behaviors you do

48
Q

Interval

A

When reinforcement is based on time period

49
Q

Fixed ratio

A

A response is reinforced only after a specified number of response.

50
Q

Fixed ratio example

A

Paid $2 for very 30 bananas you pick

51
Q

What schedule does Immediate works the hardest?

A

Fixed ratio

52
Q

Variable ratio

A

A response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses

53
Q

Variable ratio example

A

Slot machine payoff

54
Q

Gambling is in which schedule?

A

Variable ratio

It is addictive

55
Q

Why does variable ratio produce high rates of response?

A

Reinforcement increases with number of responses

56
Q

Fixed interval

A

Reinforces a response after a specified time has passed

57
Q

Fixed interval example

A

Get weekly pay check

58
Q

High responses near time elapse (pass/go by)

A

Fixed interval

59
Q

Variable interval

A

Response is reinforced at unpredictable time intervals

60
Q

Variable interval example

A

Pop quiz

61
Q

In variable interval responses

A

Are steady throughout, study frequently because you don’t know when the next quiz is

62
Q

Which schedule causes the most stress and why?

A

Variable interval because you can’t predict what’s going to happen.

63
Q

Cognitive map

A

A mental representation of one’s environment that is developed WITHOUT THE AID OF REINFORCEMENT

64
Q

Latent learning

A

Learning that occurs WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT (like cognitive map) that is not apparent until there is an incentive to justify it.

65
Q

Latent learning example

A

Rats that were not reinforced while in a maze could navigate it just as fast when there was a reward put at the end

66
Q

They don’t know how they learned it

A

Latent learning and cognitive map

67
Q

Over justification effect

A

The effect of promising a reward for something someone already likes to do may slow down the enjoyment of the activity

68
Q

Cognition role on over justification effect

A

Over justification may cognitively change attribute of behavior from intrinsic (belonging to a thing by nature) motivation to focus on reward

69
Q

Biological predispositions of animals

A

Like classical conditioning, animals more easily learn behaviors that are natural or conductive to survival during operant conditioning

70
Q

When behavior is first strengthened by a reinforcer

A

Acquisition

71
Q

Pigeons starting to make connection with pecking and reward

A

Acquisition

72
Q

Behavior decreases because a behavior is no longer reinforced

A

Extinction

73
Q

How to create extinction?

A

Ignore the previous behavior

74
Q

Reappearance of behavior after rest period when no longer reinforced

A

Spontaneous recovery

75
Q

Social leaning theory aka

A

Observational learning

76
Q

Social learning theory is basically

A

Monkey see monkey do

77
Q

Modeling

A

Example of observational learning, we imitate or copy a specific behavior see

78
Q

Modeling (Bobo Doll experiment) by

A

Albert Bandura

79
Q

Bobo Doll experiment

A

Showed that kids could easily show aggression through observational learning

80
Q

Frustrated children go to beat on clown after seeing an adult model do the same

A

Bobo Doll experiment

81
Q

Father of social learning theory

A

Bandura

82
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of anti social behavior

83
Q

Vicarious learning

A

We can learn to do or not to do certain behaviors through observations without experiencing consequences

84
Q

Vicarious learning example

A

If you see older sibling get rewarded for a certain behavior, you will more likely do the same behavior.

Second monkey pressing the same buttons to get rewarded

85
Q

Mirror neurons are in

A

Frontal lobe

86
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Neurons that Fire when performing certain actions

or fire when observing someone else perform an action

87
Q

Mirror neurons example

A

When monkey is grasping an object these frontal neurons fire, but these same neurons also fire when watching another monkey grasp an object

Hand closing and opening

88
Q

Mirror neurons are thought to be neural bases for

A

Imitation, language, learning, empathy

89
Q

Discriminative stimulus

A

Stimulus that calls a response after association with reinforcement

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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