Unit 5 Pt 2: Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Flashcards
Operant conditioning
Behavior is strengthened by REINFORCEMENT or weakened by PUNISHMENT… related to consequences
Philosophical term of operant conditioning
Law of effect
Law of effect by
Thorndike
Law of effect
Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to occur
Responded behavior
Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.
Responded behavior occurs in what conditioning?
Classical conditioning
Example of respondent behavior
Salivating to meat
Operant behavior
Behavior that operates on the environment
Example of operant behavior
Stealing and getting arrested may discourage crime
All reinforcement increases
The likelihood that a particular behavior will occur
Positive reinforcement simple words
Add or give
Positive reinforcement
Encourages a certain behavior by offering a positive stimulus (reward)
Negative reinforcement is not
Punishment
Negative reinforcement also encourages a particular behavior by
Removing an aversive(negative stimulus)
Punishment
A particular behavior by usually adding an aversive stimulus or taking away a positive stimulus
Punishment simple word
Discourage
Examples of punishment
A child is spanked for cussing
Criticism of physical punishment
May cause children to classically condition fear to parent
Only teaches what not to do
Teaches aggression
Only works when it’s immediately done after behavior
Primary reinforcer
a naturally existing (innate) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies biological needs
Primary reinforcer example
Food and sex
Negative primary reinforcer
Removal of pain
Conditioned reinforcer AKA
Secondary reinforcer
Conditioned reinforcer
Reinforcer that you’ve to learn usually through its association with a primary reinforcer
Secondary reinforcer example
Money
Applause
Lever in Skinner box
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs
In continuous reinforcement learning happens
Very quickly
In continuous reinforcement extinction happens
Very quickly if reinforcement is stopped
Pigeon pecking
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a desired behavior only part of the time
In intermittent reinforcement, learning takes
Longer (slower acquisition)
In partial reinforcement extinction
Takes longer to occur
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: rats
If you delay a reinforcement, virtually no learning will occur
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: humans
Humans recognize delayed reinforcement, immediate gratification sometimes move us to risky behavior.
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement examples
Smoking
Drinking
Unprotected sex
Who developed most operant conditioning techniques
B.F. Skinner
Skinner box AKA
Operant chamber
Major tool used in operant conditioning research
Skinner box/operant chamber
Skinner box
Chamber containing a bar of key than an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcement
B.F. Skinner beliefs
Doesn’t believe in thinking/biology. Instead environment
Skinner box shows about environment that
It shapes behavior
Shaping easy words
Taking a complex behavior and breaking down into parts and rewarding each part
Shaping
Refers to an operant conditioning technique in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a desired goal
Shaping uses
Successive approximation
Successive approximation
Successive- step by step
Approximation- closer and closer to desired behavior
Shaping does not
Reward every single time, instead each step
Fixed
Predictable
Unpredictable
Variable
Ratio
Number of behaviors you do
Interval
When reinforcement is based on time period
Fixed ratio
A response is reinforced only after a specified number of response.
Fixed ratio example
Paid $2 for very 30 bananas you pick
What schedule does Immediate works the hardest?
Fixed ratio
Variable ratio
A response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
Variable ratio example
Slot machine payoff
Gambling is in which schedule?
Variable ratio
It is addictive
Why does variable ratio produce high rates of response?
Reinforcement increases with number of responses
Fixed interval
Reinforces a response after a specified time has passed
Fixed interval example
Get weekly pay check
High responses near time elapse (pass/go by)
Fixed interval
Variable interval
Response is reinforced at unpredictable time intervals
Variable interval example
Pop quiz
In variable interval responses
Are steady throughout, study frequently because you don’t know when the next quiz is
Which schedule causes the most stress and why?
Variable interval because you can’t predict what’s going to happen.
Cognitive map
A mental representation of one’s environment that is developed WITHOUT THE AID OF REINFORCEMENT
Latent learning
Learning that occurs WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT (like cognitive map) that is not apparent until there is an incentive to justify it.
Latent learning example
Rats that were not reinforced while in a maze could navigate it just as fast when there was a reward put at the end
They don’t know how they learned it
Latent learning and cognitive map
Over justification effect
The effect of promising a reward for something someone already likes to do may slow down the enjoyment of the activity
Cognition role on over justification effect
Over justification may cognitively change attribute of behavior from intrinsic (belonging to a thing by nature) motivation to focus on reward
Biological predispositions of animals
Like classical conditioning, animals more easily learn behaviors that are natural or conductive to survival during operant conditioning
When behavior is first strengthened by a reinforcer
Acquisition
Pigeons starting to make connection with pecking and reward
Acquisition
Behavior decreases because a behavior is no longer reinforced
Extinction
How to create extinction?
Ignore the previous behavior
Reappearance of behavior after rest period when no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
Social leaning theory aka
Observational learning
Social learning theory is basically
Monkey see monkey do
Modeling
Example of observational learning, we imitate or copy a specific behavior see
Modeling (Bobo Doll experiment) by
Albert Bandura
Bobo Doll experiment
Showed that kids could easily show aggression through observational learning
Frustrated children go to beat on clown after seeing an adult model do the same
Bobo Doll experiment
Father of social learning theory
Bandura
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of anti social behavior
Vicarious learning
We can learn to do or not to do certain behaviors through observations without experiencing consequences
Vicarious learning example
If you see older sibling get rewarded for a certain behavior, you will more likely do the same behavior.
Second monkey pressing the same buttons to get rewarded
Mirror neurons are in
Frontal lobe
Mirror neurons
Neurons that Fire when performing certain actions
or fire when observing someone else perform an action
Mirror neurons example
When monkey is grasping an object these frontal neurons fire, but these same neurons also fire when watching another monkey grasp an object
Hand closing and opening
Mirror neurons are thought to be neural bases for
Imitation, language, learning, empathy
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that calls a response after association with reinforcement
