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AP Psychology > Unit 5 Pt 2: Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning > Flashcards

Unit 5 Pt 2: Operant Conditioning And Observational Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behavior is strengthened by REINFORCEMENT or weakened by PUNISHMENT… related to consequences

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2
Q

Philosophical term of operant conditioning

A

Law of effect

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3
Q

Law of effect by

A

Thorndike

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4
Q

Law of effect

A

Behaviors followed by positive consequences are more likely to occur while those followed by negative consequences are less likely to occur

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5
Q

Responded behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

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6
Q

Responded behavior occurs in what conditioning?

A

Classical conditioning

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7
Q

Example of respondent behavior

A

Salivating to meat

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8
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment

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9
Q

Example of operant behavior

A

Stealing and getting arrested may discourage crime

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10
Q

All reinforcement increases

A

The likelihood that a particular behavior will occur

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11
Q

Positive reinforcement simple words

A

Add or give

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12
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Encourages a certain behavior by offering a positive stimulus (reward)

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13
Q

Negative reinforcement is not

A

Punishment

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14
Q

Negative reinforcement also encourages a particular behavior by

A

Removing an aversive(negative stimulus)

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15
Q

Punishment

A

A particular behavior by usually adding an aversive stimulus or taking away a positive stimulus

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16
Q

Punishment simple word

A

Discourage

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17
Q

Examples of punishment

A

A child is spanked for cussing

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18
Q

Criticism of physical punishment

A

May cause children to classically condition fear to parent
Only teaches what not to do
Teaches aggression
Only works when it’s immediately done after behavior

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19
Q

Primary reinforcer

A

a naturally existing (innate) reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies biological needs

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20
Q

Primary reinforcer example

A

Food and sex

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21
Q

Negative primary reinforcer

A

Removal of pain

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22
Q

Conditioned reinforcer AKA

A

Secondary reinforcer

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23
Q

Conditioned reinforcer

A

Reinforcer that you’ve to learn usually through its association with a primary reinforcer

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24
Q

Secondary reinforcer example

A

Money
Applause
Lever in Skinner box

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25
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcing the desired behavior every time it occurs
26
In continuous reinforcement learning happens
Very quickly
27
In continuous reinforcement extinction happens
Very quickly if reinforcement is stopped Pigeon pecking
28
Partial (intermittent) reinforcement
Reinforcing a desired behavior only part of the time
29
In intermittent reinforcement, learning takes
Longer (slower acquisition)
30
In partial reinforcement extinction
Takes longer to occur
31
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: rats
If you delay a reinforcement, virtually no learning will occur
32
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement: humans
Humans recognize delayed reinforcement, immediate gratification sometimes move us to risky behavior.
33
Immediate vs delayed reinforcement examples
Smoking Drinking Unprotected sex
34
Who developed most operant conditioning techniques
B.F. Skinner
35
Skinner box AKA
Operant chamber
36
Major tool used in operant conditioning research
Skinner box/operant chamber
37
Skinner box
Chamber containing a bar of key than an animal can manipulate to obtain reinforcement
38
B.F. Skinner beliefs
Doesn’t believe in thinking/biology. Instead environment
39
Skinner box shows about environment that
It shapes behavior
40
Shaping easy words
Taking a complex behavior and breaking down into parts and rewarding each part
41
Shaping
Refers to an operant conditioning technique in which reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards a desired goal
42
Shaping uses
Successive approximation
43
Successive approximation
Successive- step by step | Approximation- closer and closer to desired behavior
44
Shaping does not
Reward every single time, instead each step
45
Fixed
Predictable
46
Unpredictable
Variable
47
Ratio
Number of behaviors you do
48
Interval
When reinforcement is based on time period
49
Fixed ratio
A response is reinforced only after a specified number of response.
50
Fixed ratio example
Paid $2 for very 30 bananas you pick
51
What schedule does Immediate works the hardest?
Fixed ratio
52
Variable ratio
A response is reinforced after an unpredictable amount of responses
53
Variable ratio example
Slot machine payoff
54
Gambling is in which schedule?
Variable ratio | It is addictive
55
Why does variable ratio produce high rates of response?
Reinforcement increases with number of responses
56
Fixed interval
Reinforces a response after a specified time has passed
57
Fixed interval example
Get weekly pay check
58
High responses near time elapse (pass/go by)
Fixed interval
59
Variable interval
Response is reinforced at unpredictable time intervals
60
Variable interval example
Pop quiz
61
In variable interval responses
Are steady throughout, study frequently because you don’t know when the next quiz is
62
Which schedule causes the most stress and why?
Variable interval because you can’t predict what’s going to happen.
63
Cognitive map
A mental representation of one’s environment that is developed WITHOUT THE AID OF REINFORCEMENT
64
Latent learning
Learning that occurs WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT (like cognitive map) that is not apparent until there is an incentive to justify it.
65
Latent learning example
Rats that were not reinforced while in a maze could navigate it just as fast when there was a reward put at the end
66
They don’t know how they learned it
Latent learning and cognitive map
67
Over justification effect
The effect of promising a reward for something someone already likes to do may slow down the enjoyment of the activity
68
Cognition role on over justification effect
Over justification may cognitively change attribute of behavior from intrinsic (belonging to a thing by nature) motivation to focus on reward
69
Biological predispositions of animals
Like classical conditioning, animals more easily learn behaviors that are natural or conductive to survival during operant conditioning
70
When behavior is first strengthened by a reinforcer
Acquisition
71
Pigeons starting to make connection with pecking and reward
Acquisition
72
Behavior decreases because a behavior is no longer reinforced
Extinction
73
How to create extinction?
Ignore the previous behavior
74
Reappearance of behavior after rest period when no longer reinforced
Spontaneous recovery
75
Social leaning theory aka
Observational learning
76
Social learning theory is basically
Monkey see monkey do
77
Modeling
Example of observational learning, we imitate or copy a specific behavior see
78
Modeling (Bobo Doll experiment) by
Albert Bandura
79
Bobo Doll experiment
Showed that kids could easily show aggression through observational learning
80
Frustrated children go to beat on clown after seeing an adult model do the same
Bobo Doll experiment
81
Father of social learning theory
Bandura
82
Prosocial behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. Opposite of anti social behavior
83
Vicarious learning
We can learn to do or not to do certain behaviors through observations without experiencing consequences
84
Vicarious learning example
If you see older sibling get rewarded for a certain behavior, you will more likely do the same behavior. Second monkey pressing the same buttons to get rewarded
85
Mirror neurons are in
Frontal lobe
86
Mirror neurons
Neurons that Fire when performing certain actions | or fire when observing someone else perform an action
87
Mirror neurons example
When monkey is grasping an object these frontal neurons fire, but these same neurons also fire when watching another monkey grasp an object Hand closing and opening
88
Mirror neurons are thought to be neural bases for
Imitation, language, learning, empathy
89
Discriminative stimulus
Stimulus that calls a response after association with reinforcement

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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