Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Pt.1 Flashcards
Developmental psychology studies branches like
Physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan
In stages, all people are
Discontinuists
Prenatal Development order
ZEF
Zygote, embryo, fetus
Fertilized egg
Zygote
Zygote is the first stage that eventually developed into a ______ after 2____
Embryo, weeks
Cells in zygote
Rapidly start diving to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs
Less than half _______ survive to become embryos
Zygote
Embryo
Developing human organism
Considered embryo is from
2 weeks to 2nd month
This stage is when pregnancy is officially established, women will miss their period
Embryo
Week 4-8 are when all
Major organs begin functioning
Fetus is developing human organism from
9 weeks after conception until birth.
After how many weeks is most of the major development finished?
12 weeks
What are the 2 organs that aren’t yet finished after 12 weeks?
Brain and lungs
Usually Last organ of development
Lungs
After 6 months the premature baby’s organs
Are Sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival
What can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?
Agents like chemicals and virus
Examples of things that can cause harm to the baby during pregnancy
AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol
They all can be passed onto the baby and cause damage
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in
Brain abnormalities
Brain abnormalities causes
Intellectual disabilities, cognitive impairment, learning disabilities
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in _______ features
Flattened facial
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in ________ disorders
Perceptual
Newborn babies come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for
Survival
Rooting reflex
Baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food
More examples of reflexes
Grasping and startle reflex
Habituation
Infants decreasing responsiveness to repeat stimuli
Habituation infer that newborns have ______ ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli
Cognitive
Habituation is basically
Respond less
Get bored
A baby’s vision improves dramatically during the first 6 months as children become able to
Accommodate (lens focus image on retina)
Accommodate
Lens focus image on retina
Infant amnesia
Infants unable to form memories until 3yrs because they lack neural connections
Muturation is nature or nurture?
Nature
Maturation
Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
Natural maturation causes
Neural connections to multiply rapidly after birth
What may retard development?
Severe deprivation and abuse
Increased stimulation will cause
Early neural connections
Maturation sets the basic course of______, _______ adjusts it
Development, experience
Maturation influencing motor development
The sequences of complex physical skill, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal across the world.
Experience has a limited effect until
Certain muscular or neural maturation occurs
Neural or muscular maturation example
Potty training
Jean Piaget
Developed stages of cognitive development
Schemas
Concepts and frameworks for organizing information developed by humans that increase with development.
Schemas are adjusted by
Assimilation and accommodation
Assimilation
Interpreting one’s experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.
Assimilation example
Kids and “doggies”
aSSimilation
Same schema
Accommodation
Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
Accommodation example
New schema for groundhog
aCComodation
Create a new schema
Gender schema
A concept of mental framework that ORGANIZES and INTERPRETS about what it means to be a boy or a girl.
Piaget’s Stages can be remembered as
Down to up
FCPS
Sensorimotor
Birth to two, experience world mostly through your senses and movement
Major development during Sensorimotor stage
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Object permanence
Duration of stranger anxiety
9-12 months
Duration of separation anxiety
9-12 months
Object permanence
Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
Object permanence duration
Gained halfway through stage 1 (age 1)
Object permanence example
Peekaboo
Wynn (1992-2000)
Showed that children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right ones.
In sensorimotor stage, Piaget underestimated children’s abilities
Children can think and count.
Pre-operational stage duration
2-6 yrs
Preoperational stage
Child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic
Major developments during preoperational stage
Pretend play Language development Egocentrism Animism Artificialism
Egocentrism
Inability to take another point of view until develop theory of mind around age 2
Theory of mind is opposite of
Egocentrism
Animism
Attributes life to things that are inanimate.
Animism is basically that
Everything is alive
Animism example
“That police car is angry”
Artificialism
Everything is created by humans for our benefit
Artificialism is the example of
Egocentrism
Concrete operational stage duration
7-11 yrs
Concrete operational
Child begins to think concretely and complete math operations.
Concrete operational is characterized by
Primitive pre-logic
Major development during concrete operational
Conservation
Logic starts in which stage of Piaget
Stage 3: concrete operational
Conservation
Principle that mass, volume, and number remain the same despite their form
Formal operational duration
12-adulthood
Formal operational
Ability to ABSTRACTLY REASON and use ABSTRACT LOGIC
Major development during stage 4 of Piaget
Abstract logic
Mature moral reasoning
Abstract logic
Hypothetical situations, ideas like communism
Mature moral reasoning
Ideas like “right to life” “right to liberty”, etc
Abstract logic is basically
Things you cant see
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: Development is more of a _________ process
Continuous
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: children express their mental abilities and operations at an ______ stage
Earlier
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: _______ logic is a smaller part of cognition
Formal
Lev Vygotsky debated between
Continuity vs discontinuity
Vygotsky represented continuity school of thought since
He thought cognition developed gradually and continuously
Piaget represents discontinuity school of thought since he thought cognition developed in
Discontinuous stages
Vygotsky’s language/inner speech theory
Believed that there was a profound connection between speech (outer and especially inner) and thoughts
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
Represents the gaps between a learner’s current cognitive development level and their potential cognitive development level
Zone of proximal development argued that
Learners moved toward potential by interacting with adult problem solvers
Attachment
Emotional the with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
Attachment is based on
Body contact
Familiarity
Responsive parenting
Responsive parenting is
Physical and emotional needs of child
Body contact
Infants become intensely attached to things that provide comfortable body contact to them.
Theory of attachment is by
Harlow
Body contact example
Rocking, warmth and feeding make attachment stronger
Body contact importance
NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought
Familiarity: Critical period
Optimal period shortly after birth when events must take place to facilitate proper discipline
Critical period example
First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother.. would follow person, moving ball etc.
Critical period consists of
Language
Critical period of no language from birth to 12yrs
It will be almost impossible to get language
Imprinting
Certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
Imprinting is NOT for
Humans
However they do become attached to what they know
Responsive parenting leads to
Secure attachment
Secure attachment
In mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably.
When mother leaves, becomes distressed. When mother comes, child is back to contact
Insecure attachment
In mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother.
In insecure attachment, when the mother leaves the child
Will cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings
In insecure attachment, under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are
Often withdrawn, frightened, or speechless
Harlow’s monkeys with insecure attachment
His monkeys are often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful or murderous towards 1st born
When most abusers are abused, abused are more likely to
Abuse, even though majority of them don’t.
Mary Ainsworth experiment
Strange Situation experiment
Strange situation experiment was designed to test
The security of a child’s attachment to their caregiver
Strange situation experiment brought in children w/ their mother to see
How they reacted in a laboratory setting (strange situation) when mother was around and when mother suddenly left without warning and child was left to interact with a stranger.
Ainsworth saw secure attachment
The child does explore the room
Child shows distress when mom leaves and seeks interaction as soon as she returns
In Strange situation, 70% kids fall into
Secure attachment
Anxious ambivalent insecure attachment
Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present
When mother leaves, child is extremely distressed. Irritated w/ mother even when she comes back
Strange situation: mom comes back and child is almost angry
Anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment
Will avoid/ignore the mother
Shows little emotion when mother leaves or departs
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: child’s exploration
Child wont explore much regardless who’s there.
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: role of communication
Communication of needs has no influence on the mother
Who studies parenting styles and discovered 4 types?
Diana Baurmind
Authoritarian parent
Expecting absolute obedience to their rules without explanation or compromise
Authoritarian parents say
Don’t interrupt me
“No”
Why? Because I said so!
Possible problems of having authoritarian parents
Rebellion
Don’t think why
Lose trust
Permissive parents is characterized by having
Very few rules, expectations, or demands for the child
Relationship with permissive parents
Usually warm relationship that often will do anything the child requests and rarely punishes the child
Problems of having permissive parents
Almost friendship instead of parentship
Lack discipline
Child can do bad things
Neglectful parenting
Lack of attention to the child and general lack of care although they provide basic care
Interests by neglectful parenting
Often investing very little attention and expects little from the child
Most dangerous type of parenting
Neglectful parenting
Authoritative parents
Expectations of obedience of their rules but offer explanations
Authoritative parents tend to
Encourage dialogue w/ their child and create the most socially well adjusted children, according to Baumrind
Best parenting is
Authoritative parenting
