Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Pt.1 Flashcards
1
Q
Developmental psychology studies branches like
A
Physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan
2
Q
In stages, all people are
A
Discontinuists
3
Q
Prenatal Development order
A
ZEF
Zygote, embryo, fetus
4
Q
Fertilized egg
A
Zygote
5
Q
Zygote is the first stage that eventually developed into a ______ after 2____
A
Embryo, weeks
6
Q
Cells in zygote
A
Rapidly start diving to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs
7
Q
Less than half _______ survive to become embryos
A
Zygote
8
Q
Embryo
A
Developing human organism
9
Q
Considered embryo is from
A
2 weeks to 2nd month
10
Q
This stage is when pregnancy is officially established, women will miss their period
A
Embryo
11
Q
Week 4-8 are when all
A
Major organs begin functioning
12
Q
Fetus is developing human organism from
A
9 weeks after conception until birth.
13
Q
After how many weeks is most of the major development finished?
A
12 weeks
14
Q
What are the 2 organs that aren’t yet finished after 12 weeks?
A
Brain and lungs
15
Q
Usually Last organ of development
A
Lungs
16
Q
After 6 months the premature baby’s organs
A
Are Sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival
17
Q
What can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?
A
Agents like chemicals and virus
18
Q
Examples of things that can cause harm to the baby during pregnancy
A
AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol
They all can be passed onto the baby and cause damage
19
Q
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in
A
Brain abnormalities
20
Q
Brain abnormalities causes
A
Intellectual disabilities, cognitive impairment, learning disabilities
21
Q
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in _______ features
A
Flattened facial
22
Q
Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in ________ disorders
A
Perceptual
23
Q
Newborn babies come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for
A
Survival
24
Q
Rooting reflex
A
Baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food
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More examples of reflexes
Grasping and startle reflex
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Habituation
Infants decreasing responsiveness to repeat stimuli
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Habituation infer that newborns have ______ ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli
Cognitive
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Habituation is basically
Respond less
| Get bored
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A baby’s vision improves dramatically during the first 6 months as children become able to
Accommodate (lens focus image on retina)
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Accommodate
Lens focus image on retina
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Infant amnesia
Infants unable to form memories until 3yrs because they lack neural connections
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Muturation is nature or nurture?
Nature
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Maturation
Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience
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Natural maturation causes
Neural connections to multiply rapidly after birth
35
What may retard development?
Severe deprivation and abuse
36
Increased stimulation will cause
Early neural connections
37
Maturation sets the basic course of______, _______ adjusts it
Development, experience
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Maturation influencing motor development
The sequences of complex physical skill, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal across the world.
39
Experience has a limited effect until
Certain muscular or neural maturation occurs
40
Neural or muscular maturation example
Potty training
41
Jean Piaget
Developed stages of cognitive development
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Schemas
Concepts and frameworks for organizing information developed by humans that increase with development.
43
Schemas are adjusted by
Assimilation and accommodation
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Assimilation
Interpreting one’s experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.
45
Assimilation example
Kids and “doggies”
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aSSimilation
Same schema
47
Accommodation
Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.
48
Accommodation example
New schema for groundhog
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aCComodation
Create a new schema
50
Gender schema
A concept of mental framework that ORGANIZES and INTERPRETS about what it means to be a boy or a girl.
51
Piaget’s Stages can be remembered as
Down to up
| FCPS
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Sensorimotor
Birth to two, experience world mostly through your senses and movement
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Major development during Sensorimotor stage
Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Object permanence
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Duration of stranger anxiety
9-12 months
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Duration of separation anxiety
9-12 months
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Object permanence
Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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Object permanence duration
Gained halfway through stage 1 (age 1)
58
Object permanence example
Peekaboo
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Wynn (1992-2000)
Showed that children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right ones.
60
In sensorimotor stage, Piaget underestimated children’s abilities
Children can think and count.
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Pre-operational stage duration
2-6 yrs
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Preoperational stage
Child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic
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Major developments during preoperational stage
```
Pretend play
Language development
Egocentrism
Animism
Artificialism
```
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Egocentrism
Inability to take another point of view until develop theory of mind around age 2
65
Theory of mind is opposite of
Egocentrism
66
Animism
Attributes life to things that are inanimate.
67
Animism is basically that
Everything is alive
68
Animism example
“That police car is angry”
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Artificialism
Everything is created by humans for our benefit
70
Artificialism is the example of
Egocentrism
71
Concrete operational stage duration
7-11 yrs
72
Concrete operational
Child begins to think concretely and complete math operations.
73
Concrete operational is characterized by
Primitive pre-logic
74
Major development during concrete operational
Conservation
75
Logic starts in which stage of Piaget
Stage 3: concrete operational
76
Conservation
Principle that mass, volume, and number remain the same despite their form
77
Formal operational duration
12-adulthood
78
Formal operational
Ability to ABSTRACTLY REASON and use ABSTRACT LOGIC
79
Major development during stage 4 of Piaget
Abstract logic
| Mature moral reasoning
80
Abstract logic
Hypothetical situations, ideas like communism
81
Mature moral reasoning
Ideas like “right to life” “right to liberty”, etc
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Abstract logic is basically
Things you cant see
83
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: Development is more of a _________ process
Continuous
84
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: children express their mental abilities and operations at an ______ stage
Earlier
85
Today’s reasoning after Piaget: _______ logic is a smaller part of cognition
Formal
86
Lev Vygotsky debated between
Continuity vs discontinuity
87
Vygotsky represented continuity school of thought since
He thought cognition developed gradually and continuously
88
Piaget represents discontinuity school of thought since he thought cognition developed in
Discontinuous stages
89
Vygotsky’s language/inner speech theory
Believed that there was a profound connection between speech (outer and especially inner) and thoughts
90
Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development
Represents the gaps between a learner’s current cognitive development level and their potential cognitive development level
91
Zone of proximal development argued that
Learners moved toward potential by interacting with adult problem solvers
92
Attachment
Emotional the with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation
93
Attachment is based on
Body contact
Familiarity
Responsive parenting
94
Responsive parenting is
Physical and emotional needs of child
95
Body contact
Infants become intensely attached to things that provide comfortable body contact to them.
96
Theory of attachment is by
Harlow
97
Body contact example
Rocking, warmth and feeding make attachment stronger
98
Body contact importance
NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought
99
Familiarity: Critical period
Optimal period shortly after birth when events must take place to facilitate proper discipline
100
Critical period example
First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother.. would follow person, moving ball etc.
101
Critical period consists of
Language
102
Critical period of no language from birth to 12yrs
It will be almost impossible to get language
103
Imprinting
Certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
104
Imprinting is NOT for
Humans
| However they do become attached to what they know
105
Responsive parenting leads to
Secure attachment
106
Secure attachment
In mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably.
When mother leaves, becomes distressed. When mother comes, child is back to contact
107
Insecure attachment
In mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother.
108
In insecure attachment, when the mother leaves the child
Will cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings
109
In insecure attachment, under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are
Often withdrawn, frightened, or speechless
110
Harlow’s monkeys with insecure attachment
His monkeys are often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful or murderous towards 1st born
111
When most abusers are abused, abused are more likely to
Abuse, even though majority of them don’t.
112
Mary Ainsworth experiment
Strange Situation experiment
113
Strange situation experiment was designed to test
The security of a child’s attachment to their caregiver
114
Strange situation experiment brought in children w/ their mother to see
How they reacted in a laboratory setting (strange situation) when mother was around and when mother suddenly left without warning and child was left to interact with a stranger.
115
Ainsworth saw secure attachment
The child does explore the room
| Child shows distress when mom leaves and seeks interaction as soon as she returns
116
In Strange situation, 70% kids fall into
Secure attachment
117
Anxious ambivalent insecure attachment
Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present
When mother leaves, child is extremely distressed. Irritated w/ mother even when she comes back
118
Strange situation: mom comes back and child is almost angry
Anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment
119
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment
Will avoid/ignore the mother
| Shows little emotion when mother leaves or departs
120
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: child’s exploration
Child wont explore much regardless who’s there.
121
Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: role of communication
Communication of needs has no influence on the mother
122
Who studies parenting styles and discovered 4 types?
Diana Baurmind
123
Authoritarian parent
Expecting absolute obedience to their rules without explanation or compromise
124
Authoritarian parents say
Don’t interrupt me
“No”
Why? Because I said so!
125
Possible problems of having authoritarian parents
Rebellion
Don’t think why
Lose trust
126
Permissive parents is characterized by having
Very few rules, expectations, or demands for the child
127
Relationship with permissive parents
Usually warm relationship that often will do anything the child requests and rarely punishes the child
128
Problems of having permissive parents
Almost friendship instead of parentship
Lack discipline
Child can do bad things
129
Neglectful parenting
Lack of attention to the child and general lack of care although they provide basic care
130
Interests by neglectful parenting
Often investing very little attention and expects little from the child
131
Most dangerous type of parenting
Neglectful parenting
132
Authoritative parents
Expectations of obedience of their rules but offer explanations
133
Authoritative parents tend to
Encourage dialogue w/ their child and create the most socially well adjusted children, according to Baumrind
134
Best parenting is
Authoritative parenting
