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AP Psychology > Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Pt.1 > Flashcards

Unit 6: Developmental Psychology Pt.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Developmental psychology studies branches like

A

Physical, cognitive, and social changes throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

In stages, all people are

A

Discontinuists

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3
Q

Prenatal Development order

A

ZEF

Zygote, embryo, fetus

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4
Q

Fertilized egg

A

Zygote

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5
Q

Zygote is the first stage that eventually developed into a ______ after 2____

A

Embryo, weeks

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6
Q

Cells in zygote

A

Rapidly start diving to create a multicellular organism and differentiate to create organs

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7
Q

Less than half _______ survive to become embryos

A

Zygote

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8
Q

Embryo

A

Developing human organism

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9
Q

Considered embryo is from

A

2 weeks to 2nd month

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10
Q

This stage is when pregnancy is officially established, women will miss their period

A

Embryo

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11
Q

Week 4-8 are when all

A

Major organs begin functioning

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12
Q

Fetus is developing human organism from

A

9 weeks after conception until birth.

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13
Q

After how many weeks is most of the major development finished?

A

12 weeks

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14
Q

What are the 2 organs that aren’t yet finished after 12 weeks?

A

Brain and lungs

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15
Q

Usually Last organ of development

A

Lungs

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16
Q

After 6 months the premature baby’s organs

A

Are Sufficiently formed to allow chance of survival

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17
Q

What can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm?

A

Agents like chemicals and virus

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18
Q

Examples of things that can cause harm to the baby during pregnancy

A

AIDS virus, drugs, alcohol

They all can be passed onto the baby and cause damage

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19
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in

A

Brain abnormalities

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20
Q

Brain abnormalities causes

A

Intellectual disabilities, cognitive impairment, learning disabilities

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21
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in _______ features

A

Flattened facial

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22
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome can result in ________ disorders

A

Perceptual

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23
Q

Newborn babies come equipped with reflexes ideally suited for

A

Survival

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24
Q

Rooting reflex

A

Baby’s tendency when touched on the cheek to open the mouth and search for food

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25
Q

More examples of reflexes

A

Grasping and startle reflex

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26
Q

Habituation

A

Infants decreasing responsiveness to repeat stimuli

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27
Q

Habituation infer that newborns have ______ ability to differentiate between different visual stimuli

A

Cognitive

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28
Q

Habituation is basically

A

Respond less

Get bored

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29
Q

A baby’s vision improves dramatically during the first 6 months as children become able to

A

Accommodate (lens focus image on retina)

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30
Q

Accommodate

A

Lens focus image on retina

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31
Q

Infant amnesia

A

Infants unable to form memories until 3yrs because they lack neural connections

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32
Q

Muturation is nature or nurture?

A

Nature

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33
Q

Maturation

A

Biological growth process that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

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34
Q

Natural maturation causes

A

Neural connections to multiply rapidly after birth

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35
Q

What may retard development?

A

Severe deprivation and abuse

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36
Q

Increased stimulation will cause

A

Early neural connections

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37
Q

Maturation sets the basic course of______, _______ adjusts it

A

Development, experience

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38
Q

Maturation influencing motor development

A

The sequences of complex physical skill, from sitting, standing, walking, are nearly universal across the world.

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39
Q

Experience has a limited effect until

A

Certain muscular or neural maturation occurs

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40
Q

Neural or muscular maturation example

A

Potty training

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41
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Developed stages of cognitive development

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42
Q

Schemas

A

Concepts and frameworks for organizing information developed by humans that increase with development.

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43
Q

Schemas are adjusted by

A

Assimilation and accommodation

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44
Q

Assimilation

A

Interpreting one’s experience in terms of one’s existing schemas.

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45
Q

Assimilation example

A

Kids and “doggies”

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46
Q

aSSimilation

A

Same schema

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47
Q

Accommodation

A

Adapting one’s current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information.

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48
Q

Accommodation example

A

New schema for groundhog

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49
Q

aCComodation

A

Create a new schema

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50
Q

Gender schema

A

A concept of mental framework that ORGANIZES and INTERPRETS about what it means to be a boy or a girl.

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51
Q

Piaget’s Stages can be remembered as

A

Down to up

FCPS

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52
Q

Sensorimotor

A

Birth to two, experience world mostly through your senses and movement

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53
Q

Major development during Sensorimotor stage

A

Stranger anxiety
Separation anxiety
Object permanence

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54
Q

Duration of stranger anxiety

A

9-12 months

55
Q

Duration of separation anxiety

A

9-12 months

56
Q

Object permanence

A

Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

57
Q

Object permanence duration

A

Gained halfway through stage 1 (age 1)

58
Q

Object permanence example

A

Peekaboo

59
Q

Wynn (1992-2000)

A

Showed that children stared longer at the wrong number of objects than the right ones.

60
Q

In sensorimotor stage, Piaget underestimated children’s abilities

A

Children can think and count.

61
Q

Pre-operational stage duration

A

2-6 yrs

62
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Child learns to represent things with language but does not understand concrete logic

63
Q

Major developments during preoperational stage

A 
Pretend play
Language development 
Egocentrism 
Animism 
Artificialism
64
Q

Egocentrism

A

Inability to take another point of view until develop theory of mind around age 2

65
Q

Theory of mind is opposite of

A

Egocentrism

66
Q

Animism

A

Attributes life to things that are inanimate.

67
Q

Animism is basically that

A

Everything is alive

68
Q

Animism example

A

“That police car is angry”

69
Q

Artificialism

A

Everything is created by humans for our benefit

70
Q

Artificialism is the example of

A

Egocentrism

71
Q

Concrete operational stage duration

A

7-11 yrs

72
Q

Concrete operational

A

Child begins to think concretely and complete math operations.

73
Q

Concrete operational is characterized by

A

Primitive pre-logic

74
Q

Major development during concrete operational

A

Conservation

75
Q

Logic starts in which stage of Piaget

A

Stage 3: concrete operational

76
Q

Conservation

A

Principle that mass, volume, and number remain the same despite their form

77
Q

Formal operational duration

A

12-adulthood

78
Q

Formal operational

A

Ability to ABSTRACTLY REASON and use ABSTRACT LOGIC

79
Q

Major development during stage 4 of Piaget

A

Abstract logic

Mature moral reasoning

80
Q

Abstract logic

A

Hypothetical situations, ideas like communism

81
Q

Mature moral reasoning

A

Ideas like “right to life” “right to liberty”, etc

82
Q

Abstract logic is basically

A

Things you cant see

83
Q

Today’s reasoning after Piaget: Development is more of a _________ process

A

Continuous

84
Q

Today’s reasoning after Piaget: children express their mental abilities and operations at an ______ stage

A

Earlier

85
Q

Today’s reasoning after Piaget: _______ logic is a smaller part of cognition

A

Formal

86
Q

Lev Vygotsky debated between

A

Continuity vs discontinuity

87
Q

Vygotsky represented continuity school of thought since

A

He thought cognition developed gradually and continuously

88
Q

Piaget represents discontinuity school of thought since he thought cognition developed in

A

Discontinuous stages

89
Q

Vygotsky’s language/inner speech theory

A

Believed that there was a profound connection between speech (outer and especially inner) and thoughts

90
Q

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

A

Represents the gaps between a learner’s current cognitive development level and their potential cognitive development level

91
Q

Zone of proximal development argued that

A

Learners moved toward potential by interacting with adult problem solvers

92
Q

Attachment

A

Emotional the with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

93
Q

Attachment is based on

A

Body contact
Familiarity
Responsive parenting

94
Q

Responsive parenting is

A

Physical and emotional needs of child

95
Q

Body contact

A

Infants become intensely attached to things that provide comfortable body contact to them.

96
Q

Theory of attachment is by

A

Harlow

97
Q

Body contact example

A

Rocking, warmth and feeding make attachment stronger

98
Q

Body contact importance

A

NOT nourishment that provides attachment as originally thought

99
Q

Familiarity: Critical period

A

Optimal period shortly after birth when events must take place to facilitate proper discipline

100
Q

Critical period example

A

First moving object a duckling sees it will attach to as its mother.. would follow person, moving ball etc.

101
Q

Critical period consists of

A

Language

102
Q

Critical period of no language from birth to 12yrs

A

It will be almost impossible to get language

103
Q

Imprinting

A

Certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.

104
Q

Imprinting is NOT for

A

Humans

However they do become attached to what they know

105
Q

Responsive parenting leads to

A

Secure attachment

106
Q

Secure attachment

A

In mother’s presence will explore new territories and play comfortably.
When mother leaves, becomes distressed. When mother comes, child is back to contact

107
Q

Insecure attachment

A

In mother’s presence are less likely to explore their surroundings; cling to mother.

108
Q

In insecure attachment, when the mother leaves the child

A

Will cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to their mother’s comings and goings

109
Q

In insecure attachment, under conditions of abuse and neglect, humans are

A

Often withdrawn, frightened, or speechless

110
Q

Harlow’s monkeys with insecure attachment

A

His monkeys are often incapable of mating or extremely abusive, neglectful or murderous towards 1st born

111
Q

When most abusers are abused, abused are more likely to

A

Abuse, even though majority of them don’t.

112
Q

Mary Ainsworth experiment

A

Strange Situation experiment

113
Q

Strange situation experiment was designed to test

A

The security of a child’s attachment to their caregiver

114
Q

Strange situation experiment brought in children w/ their mother to see

A

How they reacted in a laboratory setting (strange situation) when mother was around and when mother suddenly left without warning and child was left to interact with a stranger.

115
Q

Ainsworth saw secure attachment

A

The child does explore the room

Child shows distress when mom leaves and seeks interaction as soon as she returns

116
Q

In Strange situation, 70% kids fall into

A

Secure attachment

117
Q

Anxious ambivalent insecure attachment

A

Anxious of exploration and of strangers, even when the mother is present
When mother leaves, child is extremely distressed. Irritated w/ mother even when she comes back

118
Q

Strange situation: mom comes back and child is almost angry

A

Anxious-ambivalent insecure attachment

119
Q

Anxious avoidant insecure attachment

A

Will avoid/ignore the mother

Shows little emotion when mother leaves or departs

120
Q

Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: child’s exploration

A

Child wont explore much regardless who’s there.

121
Q

Anxious avoidant insecure attachment: role of communication

A

Communication of needs has no influence on the mother

122
Q

Who studies parenting styles and discovered 4 types?

A

Diana Baurmind

123
Q

Authoritarian parent

A

Expecting absolute obedience to their rules without explanation or compromise

124
Q

Authoritarian parents say

A

Don’t interrupt me
“No”
Why? Because I said so!

125
Q

Possible problems of having authoritarian parents

A

Rebellion
Don’t think why
Lose trust

126
Q

Permissive parents is characterized by having

A

Very few rules, expectations, or demands for the child

127
Q

Relationship with permissive parents

A

Usually warm relationship that often will do anything the child requests and rarely punishes the child

128
Q

Problems of having permissive parents

A

Almost friendship instead of parentship
Lack discipline
Child can do bad things

129
Q

Neglectful parenting

A

Lack of attention to the child and general lack of care although they provide basic care

130
Q

Interests by neglectful parenting

A

Often investing very little attention and expects little from the child

131
Q

Most dangerous type of parenting

A

Neglectful parenting

132
Q

Authoritative parents

A

Expectations of obedience of their rules but offer explanations

133
Q

Authoritative parents tend to

A

Encourage dialogue w/ their child and create the most socially well adjusted children, according to Baumrind

134
Q

Best parenting is

A

Authoritative parenting

AP Psychology (33 decks)

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