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Physiology 202 > Unit 4 Lecture 31 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecture 31 Flashcards

1
Q

How are lipids transported in the blood?

A

by lipoporteins

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2
Q

How are lipoproteins categorized?

A

function and denstiy

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3
Q

What are the 4 major classes of lipoproteins?

A
  1. chylomicrons
  2. very low density
  3. low density
  4. high density
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4
Q

What is chylomicrons made of?

A
  • 2% protein and 85% TG
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5
Q

Where do chylomicrons form and what is their function?

A

form in intestinal epithelial cells to transport dietary fats to adipose cells

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6
Q

What are very low density lipoproteins made of?

A

10% protein and 50% TG

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7
Q

Where do very low density lipoproteins form and what are their functions?

A

Form in hepatocytes to transport triglycerides to adipose cells

  • long term storage
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8
Q

What are low density lipoproteins made of?

A

25% protein and 50% BAD cholesterol

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9
Q

What is the function of LDL?

A

carry blood cholesterol to body cells

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10
Q

What is HDLs made of?

A

40% protein and 20% GOOD cholesterol

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11
Q

What is the function of HDLs?

A

carry cholesterol from cells to liver for elimination

  • incorporated in bile
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12
Q

What happens to lipids?

A
  • oxidized to make ATP
  • excess stored in adipose or liver
  • synthesize structural or other important molecules (phospholipids, lipoproteins, thromboplastin, myelin shaths, cholesterol)
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13
Q

What is thromboplastin?

A

phospholipids and tissue factor (both are needed to activate the extrinsic pathway of blood clotting)

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14
Q

What are the 2 stages of lipid metabolism?

A
  1. lipolysis

2. lipogenesis

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15
Q

Define lipolysis

A

TG are broken down into glycerol and fatty caids w/in liver or adipose cells in the presence of catecholemines (NE or E) and cortisol

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16
Q

Define lipogenesis

A

TG are synthesized from amino acids or glucose within liver or adipose cells in the presence of insulin

17
Q

How does lipolysis connect to the krebs cycle?

A

TG -> fatty acids (and glycerol) -> undergoes beta oxidation in mitochondria -> Acetyl CoA -> lots of ATP in krebs cycle

18
Q

Define ketogenesis

A

the formation of ketone bodies from acetyl coA during lipolysis

19
Q

What is the difference between lipogenesis and lipolysis?

A

lipogenesis- makes TG from stuff

lipolysis- breaks down TG into stuff

20
Q

What fuel sources, “stuff”, is used to make TG during lipogenesis?

A

amino acids, glycolysis metabolites (used in glycerol production), and ketone bodies

21
Q

What is the fate of proteins

A

broken down into amino acids which are transported to the liver

22
Q

What happens to amino acids?

A
  • deaminated to enter krebs cycle
  • donate amino group to form new amino acids (transamination)
  • used to synthesize new protein throughout the body
23
Q

What can happen to excess amino acids?

A

may be converted into glucose or triglycerides (no storage)

24
Q

What stimulates Amino acids to be absorbed into body cells?

A

insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and insulin

25
Q

What are the two metabolism “states” after eating?

A

absorptive and post-absorptive state

26
Q

What organ/s are used during the absorptive state?

A

Gastrointestinal tract (mostly intestines)

27
Q

What organ/s are used during the post-absorptive state?

A

Liver

28
Q

What is the absorptive state?

A

The time after a meal when nutrients enter the blood and need to be stored

29
Q

What is the post- absorptive state?

A

4 hours after a meal when absorption of all nutrients is complete (like starvation)

30
Q

What does the GI tract do to glucose and nutrients during the absorptive state?

A

sends it into blood stream to be picked up by other organs

31
Q

List some places where glucose and nutrients are picked up during absorptive state

A
  • excess fuels stored in hepatocytes, adipocytes or skeletal muscle
  • glucose entering liver is converted to glycogen or triglycerides
  • dietary lipids stored in adipose tissue
  • AA deaminated for Krebs or turned into glucose or fatty acid
32
Q

What is the biggest challenge during post-absorptive state?

A

maintaining normal blood glucose level (70-110 mg/dL blood)

33
Q

What is the goal of the post-absorptive state?

A

put glucose back into bloodstream after it was taken in by liver from GI tract - or - use alternative fuel sources

34
Q

During what processes does glucose enter blood from the liver?

A
  1. glycogenolysis

2. gluconeogenesis

35
Q

What happens during gluconeogenesis?

A
  • glycerol from adipose tissue

- amino acids and lactic acid from muscle

36
Q

What are some of the alternative fuel sources?

A
  • fatty acids from adipose fed into Krebs as Acetyl CoA for most cells
  • oxidation of ketone bodies by heart and kidney

Physiology 202 (43 decks)

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