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Physiology 202 > Unit 4 Lecture 25 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Lecture 25 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the organs of the GI tract?

A
  • Mouth
  • pharynx
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • small intestine
  • large intestine
  • rectum and anus
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2
Q

What is the function of the mouth?

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown, deglutition (swallowing)

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3
Q

What is the function of the pharynx and esophagus?

A

swallowing and avoiding airway

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4
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

mechanical and chemical breakdown with some absorption

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5
Q

What is the function of the small intestine?

A

chemical and mechanical breakdown with major absorption

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6
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

absorption of electrolytes and some vitamins

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7
Q

What is the function of the rectum and anus?

A

defecation

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8
Q

What are the major layers of the GI tract?

A
  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa
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9
Q

What are the layers of the Mucosa?

A
  • Epithelium
  • Lamina Propria
  • Muscularis Mucosae
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10
Q

What is the epithelium of the mucosa layer made out of?

A
  • Stratified squamous: mouth, esophagus and anus

- Simple columnar: rest of GI tract

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11
Q

What is the function of simple columnar epithelium in the mucosa layer?

A
  • Secretes enzymes and absorbs nutrients
  • Specialized cells (goblet) secrete mucous onto cell surfaces
  • Enteroendocrine cells secrete hormones controlling organ function
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12
Q

What is the lamina propria of the mucosa layer made of?

A

Connective tissue

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13
Q

What else is found in the lamina propria?

A

Blood vessels and lymphatic tissue

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14
Q

What is the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa made of?

A

Smooth muscle

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15
Q

What is the function of the muscularis mucosa layer of the mucosa?

A
  • Creates folds in the stomach and small intestine –> drives local movements to increase absorption by exposing ingested material to absorptive surfaces
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16
Q

What is the submucosa made of?

A

Loose connective tissue

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17
Q

What is found in the submucosa layer?

A

Submucosal plexus (Meissner’s plexus)

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18
Q

What specific nervous system is the submucosal plexus part of?

A

Enteric Nervous System?

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19
Q

What is the enteric nervous system?

A

Nerves from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) go to the Peripheral Nervous System (nervous outside brain and spine) and become Autonomic Motor Neurons —> ENTERIC MOTOR NEURONS in enteric plexuses —> smooth muscle, glands and endocrine cells of GI tract

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20
Q

Where does the submucosal plexus receive input from?

A
  • Sympathetic neurons (thoracic and lumbar spinal cord)

- Parasympathetic neurons (Vagus Nerve and Sacral Spinal Cord)

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21
Q

The submucosal plexus motor neurons directly goes innervates on what?

A

Mucosal epithelium

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22
Q

What is the function of the submucosal plexus?

A
  • Regulates blood vessel diameter
  • Secretion from glands and neurosecretory neurons
  • Local motility caused by muscularis mucosae
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23
Q

What is the muscularis made of?

A
  • Skeletal muscle: Mouth, pharynx, and Upper esophagus and anus (with voluntary control)
  • Smooth muscle: rest of GI tract (inner circular fibers and outer longitudinal fibers)
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24
Q

What does the skeletal muscle control in the muscularis layer of the GI tract?

A

Controls deglutition and defecation

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25
Q

What does the smooth muscle control in the muscularis layer of the GI tract?

A

Allows motility for mixing and propulsions

26
Q

What is found in the muscularis layer of the GI tract?

A

Myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus)

27
Q

What nervous system is the myenteric plexus a part of?

A

Enteric nervous system (shares some functions with submucosal plexus)

28
Q

What is the function of the myenteric plexus?

A

Provides parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers

29
Q

What is the deepest layer of the GI tract (minus esophagus)?

A

Serosa

30
Q

What is the deepest layer of the esophagus?

A

Adventitia

31
Q

What is the function of the serosa?

A
  • secretes serous fluid
32
Q

What is the serosa made of?

A

Areolar conenctive tissue covered in simple squamous epithelium

33
Q

What is the adventitia made of?

A

Areolar connective tissue without epithelium

34
Q

What is another name for the serosa?

A

Visceral peritoneum

35
Q

What are the layers of the peritoneum?

A
  • Visceral peritoneum
  • Peritoneal cavity
  • parietal peritoneum
36
Q

What does the Visceral peritoneum do?

A

Covers organs

37
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum do?

A

Lines the walls of body cavity

38
Q

What things connect organs in the body abdominal cavity?

A
  • Greater and lesser omentum
  • Mesocolon
  • Mesentery
  • Falciform Ligament
39
Q

What are the 2 types of digestion in the mouth?

A

Chemical and Mechanical

40
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Mastication or chewing

  • breaks pieces of food into pieces
  • mixes with saliva so that it forms a moist bolus
41
Q

What enzymes are involved in chemical digestion in the mouth?

A

Salivary amylase and lingual lipase

42
Q

What does salivary amylase do in the mouth?

A

Begins starch digestion (pH 6.5-7) but stops when bolus hits acidic gastric juices (pH 2)

43
Q

What does lingual lipase do in the mouth?

A

Tongue glands secretes lingual lipase and breaks down triglycerides (Lipids) into fatty acids and glycerol

44
Q

What are the major glands in the mouth?

A
  • Parotid gland
  • Sublingual gland
  • Submandibular gland
45
Q

Where do all ducts empty into?

A

oral cavity in the mouth

46
Q

What triggers/ increases salivation

A

sight, smell, sounds, memory of food and tongue stimulation

47
Q

What decreases salivation?

A

fear and anxiety

48
Q

What are the glands connected to?

A

salivary ducts (w/ same names as glands)

49
Q

What is the composition of saliva?

A

water, HCO3- and enzymes

50
Q

What are the specific functions of saliva?

A
  • moistens food (swallow)
  • dissolves food (taste)
  • HCO3- buffers acidic foods
  • Protects mouth from infection with rinsing action
  • lysozymes helps destroy bacteria
51
Q

What are the 2 main stages of swallowing?

A
  • Voluntary stage

- Involuntary stages

52
Q

What are the involuntary stages?

A
  • Pharyngeal stage

- Esophageal stage

53
Q

What is the voluntary stage of swallowing?

A

oral cavity to oropharynx

54
Q

What is the Pharyngeal stage

of swallowing?

A

pharynx to esophagus

55
Q

What is the esophageal stage of swallowing?

A

esophagus to stomach

56
Q

What process starts the voluntary stage of swallowing?

A

deglutition (swallowing)

57
Q

What is deglutition?

A

food bolus pushed by the tongue into the oropharnyx

58
Q

What process starts the involuntary stage of swallowing?

A

sensory nerves in pharynx signal deglutition center in brain

59
Q

What all happens during the pharyngeal stage of swallowing?

A
  • breathing stops
  • soft palate and uvula rise closing off nasopharynx
  • vocal cords adduct
  • larynx rises
  • epiglottis covers the larynx
60
Q

What all happens during the esophageal stage of swallowing?

A
  • upper esophageal sphincter relaxes
  • peristalsis pushes food down (circular fibers contract behind food and longitudinal fibers contract in front)
  • travel time (4-8 for food and 1 sec for liquid)
  • lower esophageal sphincter relaxes as food approaches
61
Q

What happens if the lower esophageal sphincter doesn’t open?

A
  • distension of esophagus fees like chest pain or heart attack
62
Q

What happens if the upper esophageal sphincter doesn’t close?

A
  • stomach acid enters esophagus and causes “heartburn” (GERD)
  • worsened by laying down, smoking, or weak sphincter

Physiology 202 (43 decks)

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