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Physiology 202 > Unit 2 Lecture 9 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Lecture 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the total body mass in males?

A

40% solids

60% fluids

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2
Q

What type of fluids are found in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)

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3
Q

What makes up extracellular fluid (ECF)?

A

80% interstitial fluid

20% plasma (blood)

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4
Q

How does nutrients and oxygen diffuse into cells?

A

Blood -> interstitial fluid -> cell

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5
Q

How does waste travel in the body?

A

In opposite directions of nutrients

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6
Q

Define hematology

A

the study of blood and blood disorders

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7
Q

What is the composition of blood?

A
  1. Plasma

2. Formed elements

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8
Q

What is plasma?

A
  • Water
  • Plasma Proteins
  • Other substances
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9
Q

What is “formed elements”?

A

cells and cell fragments found in blood

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10
Q

Where are plasma proteins made and found?

A

Made: liver

Found: bloodstream

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11
Q

What are the 3 main plasma proteins found in blood?

A
  1. Albumins
  2. Globulins
  3. Fibrinogen
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12
Q

Function of albumins protein

A

maintains blood osmotic pressure

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13
Q

What does blood osmotic pressure do?

A

Brings liquids into cell

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14
Q

What is a globulin (immunoglobulin)?

A

an antibody that attacks foreign antigens

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15
Q

What is the function of globulin?

A

Forms antigen-antibody complexes

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16
Q

What is the function for fibrinogen?

A

Promotes clotting

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17
Q

What is the difference between blood plasma and blood serum?

A

Blood serum doesn’t have fibrinogen and other clotting factors

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18
Q

What cells make up “formed elements”

A
  • Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (leukocytes)
  • Platlets (thrombocytes)
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19
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells?

A
  • granular leukocytes

- agranular leukocytes

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20
Q

Name 3 types of granular leukocytes

A
  1. Neutrophilis
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
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21
Q

Name 2 types of agranular leukocytes

A
  1. lymphocytes

2. monocytes

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22
Q

What is the difference betweem -blast and -cyte?

A
  • blast = immature cell

- cyte = mature cell

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23
Q

What hormone stimulates production of RBC’s

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

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24
Q

What is another term for platlet?

A

Thrombocyte

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25
Q

what is the major function of platlets

A

promotes blood clotting

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26
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The ratio of the volume of RBC to the total volume of blood

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27
Q

What is the average hematocrit for females and males?

A

females: 42%
males: 46%

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28
Q

What is anemia?

A

Not enough RBCs for proper O2 transportation

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29
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Excess RBCs (over 65%) -> dehydration, blood doping in athletes

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30
Q

Of the 3 blood plasma proteins, which is found the most and the least in the body?

A

most: Albumins 54%
least: fibrinogen 7%

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31
Q

Of the formed elements in blood, is RBC, WBC, or platlets found more?

A

red blood cells

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32
Q

What type of white blood cell is found the most in blood?

A

Neutrophils 60-70%

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33
Q

Characteristics of RBCs

A
  • shaped like discs
  • 8 micrometers
  • NO nucleus
  • changes shape easily
  • filled w/ HEMOGLOBIN
34
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin (hb)?

A

It carries O2

35
Q

Hemoglobin characteristics

A
  • 4 large protein chains

- Heme group

36
Q

What is a heme group?

A

a porphyrin “ring” that surrounds a single iron molecule in each protein chain

37
Q

What can each iron in the protein chains of hemoglobin bind to?

A

O2

*4 irons -> 4 O2 total

38
Q

Where does the O2 bind to hemoglobin?

A

In capillaries of the lungs

39
Q

What circulation system sends hemoglobin O2 to the rest of the body?

A

Systemic circulation

40
Q

What else does hemoglobin send to the body?

A

CO2

41
Q

How does CO2 bind to hemoglobin?

A

binds to amino acids in -globin part of hemoglobin (NOT HEME)

42
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

Red blood cell formation

43
Q

Where does erythropoiesis occur?

A

red bone marrow

44
Q

How are red blood cells (erythrocyte) made?

A

hemopoietic stem cell-> myeloid stem cells -> proerythroblasts -> erythroblast -> reticulocytes -> gets hemoglobin and kicks out nucleus -> erythrocyte

45
Q

What 3 HORMONES stimulate the creation of blood?

A
  • Erythropoietin (EPO)
  • Thrombopoietin (TPO)
  • Cytokines
46
Q

What does erythropoietin stimulate?

A

Stimulates erythropoiesis (creation of red blood cells)

47
Q

Where is erythropoietin produced?

A

KIDNEYS

48
Q

What does thrombopoietin do?

A

Stimulates platelet formation

49
Q

Where is the thrombopoietin hormone produced?

A

LIVER

50
Q

What is cytokines?

A

local hormones in bone marrow

51
Q

What does cytokines stimulate?

A

WBC production

52
Q

What stimulates cytokines to produce WBC?

A

colony-stimulating factors (CSF) and interleukins

53
Q

Where is cytokines produced?

A

BONE MARROW?

54
Q

What is erythropoietin (EPO) effective in treating?

A

desceased RBC production of end-stage kidney disease

55
Q

What does thrombopoietin (TPO) help prevent?

A

Platelet depletion during chemothrerapy

56
Q

How long do RBC live?

A

120 days

57
Q

How are worn out RBCs removed from body?

A

macrophages in spleen and liver

58
Q

During recycling of RBCs, what happens to the “HEME” portion of hemoglobin

A

split into iron (Fe3+) and biliverdin (green pigment)

59
Q

Where is iron (Fe3+) stored in the body?

A

liver, muscle, or spleen

60
Q

How does blood travel to bone marrow?

A

transported in blood attached to transferrin protein

61
Q

What is biliverdin converted to in macrophages in the spleen, liver, or red bone marrow?

A

Bilirubin

62
Q

What does the liver secrete bilirubin as?

A

Bile

63
Q

What is bile secreted in the intestine used for?

A

digestion

64
Q

What does Bilirubin turn into in the large intestine?

A

Urobilinogen

65
Q

What happens to urobilinogen?

A

it is reabsorbed, coverted into robilin and excreted via the KIDNEY and URINE

66
Q

What is the main difference between WBC and RBD

A

WBC have a nucleus but no hemoglobin

RBC have hemoglobin but no nucleus

67
Q

Define leukocytosis?

A

condition with high white blood cell count

68
Q

Define leukopenia

A

Condition with low white blood cell count

69
Q

Where is WBC found in circulation?

A

2% in blood

  • rest in lymphatic fluid, skin, lungs, lymph nodes and spleen
70
Q

How do WBC travel through vessels?

A

they roll, stick to wall, and squeeze out between cells

71
Q

What helps WBC stick to endothelium wall?

A

selectins

72
Q

What on WBC helps them move through the vessel wall?

A

integrins

73
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

“cell eating” of bacteria

74
Q

What cell performs phagocytosis?

A

monocytes

75
Q

What type of WBC performs phagocytosis the least?

A

Eosinophils

76
Q

What are the 3 processes of phagocytosis?

A
  1. Chemotaxis
  2. Adherence and Ingestion
  3. Destruction
77
Q

What happens during chemotaxis?

A
  • phagocytic cell goes to site of infection

- chemicals released by infected cell/ pathogen attract the phagocyte

78
Q

What happens during adherence and ingestion

A
  • phagocyte gets attached to pathogen / infected cell membrane
  • ingestion starts by enveloping pseudopodia -> a phagosome
79
Q

What happens during destruction

A
  • phagosome fuses with a lysosome -> phagolyosome
  • lysozymes (a destructive chemical from the lysosome) destroys the membrane
  • dead cell removed by exocytosis
80
Q

How does a bone marrow transplant happen?

A
  • destroy sick bone marrow with radiation and chemo
  • put sample of donor marrow into patients vein for re-seeding of bone marrow
  • success depends on patient donor compatibility
81
Q

What is bone marrow transplants used for?

A

leukemia, sickle-cell, breast, ovarian or testicular cancer, lymphoma, or aplastic anemia

Physiology 202 (43 decks)

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