Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 202 > Unit 3 Lecture 16 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Lecture 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A
  1. Drain excess interstitial fluid
  2. Transport dietary lipids
  3. Carry out immune responses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the primary lymphatic organs?

A
  1. Red bone marrow

2. Thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic organs and tissues?

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Lymphatic nodules/ follicles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do lymphatic vessels do to excess interstitial fluid?

A

drains excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are lymph capillaries found

A

Adjacent to blood capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe characteristics of lymph capillaries

A
  • larger than blood capillaries

- “one way” valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the pathway of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic capillaries -> lymph node -> lymphatic duct (left and right) -> lymphatic vessel -> valve -> lymph node -> lymphatic capillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How many lymphatic ducts are in the body?

A

2

Thoracic (left) and right lymphatic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the body’s innate defenses? (Line of defense)

A
  1. physical barriers
  2. fevers
  3. inflammation
  4. cells and chemicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do the “lines of defense” fight?

A

invasion by pathogens (bacteria, viruses etc)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the first line of defense?

A

Physical barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are types of physical barriers?

A
  1. Skin
  2. Mucus membranes
  3. hairs and cilia
  4. acid
  5. tears
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How does skin fight pathogenic invasions?

A
  • Sebaceous glands
  • sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
  • lysozyme
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What in mucus membranes fights pathogenic invasions?

A
  • mucus is secreted by specialized epithelial cells called goblet cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What on hairs and cilia fight pathogens?

A
  • mucus coated hairs

- cilia on specialized epithelial cells that line the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the pH of stomach acid?

A

2.0

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is found in tears?

A

lysozyme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What do invading microorganisms cause in relation to fevers?

A

Abnormally high body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is pyrogen?

A

a chemical secreted by leukocytes and macrophages that deals with fevers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does pyrogen trigger in the body?

A

It resets the body’s thermostat upward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does high fevers do to enzymes?

A

High fevers are dangerous because is causes denature enzymes

22
Q

How are moderate fevers beneficial?

A
  • it causes liver and spleen to sequester iron and zinc…. bad levels of this can cause bacteria
  • increases metabolic rate -> repairs tissues faster
  • triggers production of interferons
23
Q

What are the functions of the inflammatory response?

A
  • prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
  • disposes of cell debris and pathogens
  • sets the stage for repair processes
24
Q

What 4 signs show acute inflammation?

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • swelling
  • pain
25
Q

What type of cells are vital in fighting infections?

A

White blood cells

26
Q

What type of white blood cells is the most abundant in the body?

A

Neutrophils

27
Q

What are the overall functions of white blood cells?

A
  • attacks microorganism directly

- hindering their ability of microorganism to move, grow and reproduce

28
Q

What is the importance of the neutrophil?

A

fastest responder to bacteria

29
Q

What are the function of neutrophils

A

DESTROY BACTERIA by releasing lysozomes and strong oxidants (H2O2)

30
Q

What is the importance of basophils?

A

Exit capillaries at sites of inflammation and play a role in allergic reactions

31
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A
  • releases hormones to raise inflammatory response

- contribute to allergic reactions

32
Q

What is the importance of eosinophils?

A
  • Responds to and attacks parasites
  • enters ISF and releases histamines
  • phagocytizes antibody-antigen complexes
33
Q

What happens when eosinophils enters ISF and releases histamines?

A

slows down inflammation caused by basophils

34
Q

Describe the main types of lymphocytes

A
  • most types involved in adaptive immunity

- natural killer (NK) cells are involved in innate immunity (line of defense)

35
Q

What type of lymphocytes (cells) are involved in adaptive immunity?

A
  • B lymphocytes (B cells)

- T lymphocytes (T cells)

36
Q

What are the functions of natural killer (NK) cells?

A
  • kill virus infected cells

- kill tumor cells

37
Q

What is the importance of monocytes?

A

arrive late to infections but in BIG numbers

38
Q

What is the functions of monocytes?

A
  • destroy microbes and clean up dead tissue after infection

- wandering macrophages in ISF

39
Q

What are natural killer cells?

A

specialized class of t-lymphocytes which perform innate functions

40
Q

What is the name of the process that NK cells “kill”

A

cytolysis

41
Q

How does cytolysis work?

A

NK cells secretes a chemical known as perforin which punches holes in the cell membrane

42
Q

What does low NK cell count mean?

A

HIV/AIDS

43
Q

What proteins are responsible for the destruction of cells?

A

Antimicrobial proteins

44
Q

What is the importance of antimicrobial proteins?

A

enhance the innate defenses (line of defense)

45
Q

What are the specific functions of antimicrobial / antiviral proteins?

A
  • attack microorganisms directly

- hinder the ability of some microorganism to reproduce

46
Q

What are the two most important types of antimicrobial proteins?

A
  1. Interferons

2. Complement proteins

47
Q

Where are interferons produced?

A
  • Virus infected body cells
  • T-lymphocytes
  • natural killer cells
  • macrophages
48
Q

What are interferons?

A

a substance released by immune cells that alter the activity of other cells

49
Q

What do interferons trigger on the cell they stimulate?

A

Triggers stimulation of anti-viral proteins by the non-infected cell

50
Q

What is the purpose of complement proteins?

A

“complement” or enhance the action of antibodies

*attach to antigen-antibody complexes

51
Q

What do complement proteins do to antigen-antibody complexes?

A
  • attaches to their membrane

- forms a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) which punches holes in bacterial cell membranes

52
Q

What is the end result of MAC?

A

phagocytosis and inflammation

Physiology 202 (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions