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Pathophysiology > Unit 10 Practice Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 10 Practice Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The OVERALL function of the kidneys is to:

A

regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid

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2
Q

The functional unit of the kidney is the:

A

nephron

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3
Q

Blood urea nitrogen can be used as a test for renal insufficiency, but it is less specific than serum creatinine levels. The normal BUN:creatinine ratio for a medium-sized adult female is:

A

10:1

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4
Q

The bulk of the energy used by the kidney is used:

A

for active transport of sodium and cotransport of electrolyte and other substances

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5
Q

Under conditions of decreased perfusion or increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, renal blood flow:

A
  • is distributed away from the cortex toward the medulla
  • decreases glomerular filtration while maintaining the urine-concentrating ability of the kidneys
  • is decreased as the afferent and efferent arterioles constrict
  • can diminish in shock states to the extent of causing blood flow to cease altogether.
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6
Q

The average amount of urine produced per minute is _________ compared to the average glomerular filtration rate of ____________ per minute:

A

1 mL; 125mL

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7
Q

Most of the water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed in which one of the following structures?

A

The proximal tubule

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8
Q

Plasma level at which the substance appears in the urine is called:

A

Renal threshold
- Responsible for glucose spilling into the urine in diabetic patients

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9
Q

The antidiuretic hormone acts at the level of which one of the following kidney structures, to increase urine concentration?

A

Collecting tubule

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10
Q

Aldosterones main effect increases ___________ reabsorption while antidiuretic hormones main effect increases _____________ reabsorption:

A

sodium; water

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11
Q

Aspirin is not recommended for pain relief in persons with gouty arthritis because it:

A

decreases the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules

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12
Q

The endocrine functions of the kidney include:

A
  • activation of vitamin D
  • conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • production of erythropoietin
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13
Q

The function of the kidney in regulation of vitamin D resides with its ability to:

A

transform vitamin D to its active form

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14
Q

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a pivotal role in regulation of blood pressure. What role does the kidney play in maintaining the function of this system?

A

It produces renin, an enzyme, which interacts with angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I

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15
Q

Which substance is found in urine normally?

A

Creatinine

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16
Q

Which one of the following diagnostic measures is used to assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?

A

Urine specific gravity

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17
Q

Which one of the following blood tests is used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate and renal function?

A

serum creatinine

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18
Q

Because of their site of action in relation to the sodium content in the tubular fluid, which group of diuretics is most effective in producing diuresis?

A

The loop diuretics

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19
Q

The most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys is:

A

polycystic kidney disease

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20
Q

A characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease is:

A

hypertension

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21
Q

The most common complication of urinary tract obstruction is:

A

infection

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22
Q

Kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction is usually the result of:

A

back pressure and ischemia

23
Q

Etiologic factors in the development of urolithiasis include:

A

urinary stasis

24
Q

A major manifestation of kidney stones is pain. Colicky type pain is most commonly caused by:

A

smaller stones that move into the ureter

25
Q

What is the main prevention measure for all types of kidney stones?

A

increased fluid intake

26
Q

Which of the following predisposing factors is NOT associated with urinary tract infections?

A
27
Q

Which population is least susceptible to urinary tract infections?
- women
- elderly men
- adolescent boys

A

adolescent boys

28
Q

The most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections is:

A

catheterization

29
Q

Symptoms of enuresis, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort, and frequency in a child suggests the presence of

A

lower UTI

30
Q

Glomerulonephritis is most accurately described as representing:

A

an inflammatory process involving the glomerular structures of the kidney

31
Q

Glomerulonephritis is thought to result from:

A

an immune response

32
Q

The edema that develops in persons with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome reflects:

A

a loss of plasma proteins

33
Q

Onset of pyelonephritis is usually is manifested by:

A

Abrupt onset of fever, chills, and CVA tenderness

34
Q

Which one of the following age groups is most susceptible to renal damage caused by drugs?

A

Elderly adults

35
Q

Which statement is FALSE concerning intrarenal failure?
- It most often results from acute tubular necrosis
- It results from hypoxia-related prerenal failure
- It results from exposure of the kidney to toxic substances
- It is easily treated and rarely results in death

A

it is easily treated and rarely results in death

36
Q

Acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis may advance to:

A

intrarenal failure

37
Q

Older men are most prone to:

A

postrenal failure

38
Q

Trauma and shock result in:

A

the interruption of renal blood flow

39
Q

Hemorrhage can lead to what type of renal failure (pre, post, intra)

A

prerenal failure and intrarenal failure

40
Q

Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by:

A

destructive changes in the tubular epithelium

41
Q

Most cases of acute tubular necrosis are caused by:

A

ischemia or nephrotoxic agents

42
Q

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) progresses through three phases “the initiating, maintenance, and recovery phases. Which of the following is false?
- The initiating phase is the time from the onset of the precipitating event until the tubular injury occurs
- The maintenance phase is characterized by a decrease in GFR, retention of nitrogenous wastes, water intoxication, and other signs of renal failure
- The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely

A

The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely

43
Q

Treatment focus for acute renal failure includes:

A

treating the underlying cause

44
Q

End-stage renal disease is characterized by alterations in all of the following EXCEPT:
- endocrine functions of the kidney
- alterations in the V:Q ratio
- alterations in filtration
- alterations in reabsorption

A

alterations in the V:Q ratio

45
Q

Signs of chronic renal failure do not develop until the disease is far advanced. This can best be explained in terms of:

A

the great functional reserve of the kidneys

46
Q

Renal insufficiency represents a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate of:

A

50%-20%

47
Q

One of the early signs of renal failure is:

A

an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood

48
Q

The decrease in pH that occurs in persons with renal failure can best be described in terms of:

A

decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete metabolic acids

49
Q

In chronic renal failure, serum calcium:

A
  • is affected by impaired excretion of phosphorus
  • is maintained by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands
  • is maintained by increased bone resorption
50
Q

Serum potassium is usually elevated in renal failure. This could most likely be attributed to the fact that:

A

potassium is absorbed in the kidney

51
Q

Anemia frequently found in persons with chronic renal failure can best be explained in terms of:

A

failure of the kidneys to activate or produce erythropoietin

52
Q

The impaired synthesis of erythropoietin and the effects of uremia in chronic renal failure cause:

A

anemia

53
Q

The development of hypertension in a person with renal failure is largely related to:

A

increased intravascular fluid and the renin-angiotensin mechanism

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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