Unit 10 Practice Quiz Flashcards
The OVERALL function of the kidneys is to:
regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid
The functional unit of the kidney is the:
nephron
Blood urea nitrogen can be used as a test for renal insufficiency, but it is less specific than serum creatinine levels. The normal BUN:creatinine ratio for a medium-sized adult female is:
10:1
The bulk of the energy used by the kidney is used:
for active transport of sodium and cotransport of electrolyte and other substances
Under conditions of decreased perfusion or increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation, renal blood flow:
- is distributed away from the cortex toward the medulla
- decreases glomerular filtration while maintaining the urine-concentrating ability of the kidneys
- is decreased as the afferent and efferent arterioles constrict
- can diminish in shock states to the extent of causing blood flow to cease altogether.
The average amount of urine produced per minute is _________ compared to the average glomerular filtration rate of ____________ per minute:
1 mL; 125mL
Most of the water, electrolytes, glucose, and amino acids are reabsorbed in which one of the following structures?
The proximal tubule
Plasma level at which the substance appears in the urine is called:
Renal threshold
- Responsible for glucose spilling into the urine in diabetic patients
The antidiuretic hormone acts at the level of which one of the following kidney structures, to increase urine concentration?
Collecting tubule
Aldosterones main effect increases ___________ reabsorption while antidiuretic hormones main effect increases _____________ reabsorption:
sodium; water
Aspirin is not recommended for pain relief in persons with gouty arthritis because it:
decreases the secretion of uric acid into the renal tubules
The endocrine functions of the kidney include:
- activation of vitamin D
- conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
- production of erythropoietin
The function of the kidney in regulation of vitamin D resides with its ability to:
transform vitamin D to its active form
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays a pivotal role in regulation of blood pressure. What role does the kidney play in maintaining the function of this system?
It produces renin, an enzyme, which interacts with angiotensinogen to produce angiotensin I
Which substance is found in urine normally?
Creatinine
Which one of the following diagnostic measures is used to assess the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine?
Urine specific gravity
Which one of the following blood tests is used as a measure of glomerular filtration rate and renal function?
serum creatinine
Because of their site of action in relation to the sodium content in the tubular fluid, which group of diuretics is most effective in producing diuresis?
The loop diuretics
The most common inherited disease that affects the kidneys is:
polycystic kidney disease
A characteristic sign of polycystic kidney disease is:
hypertension
The most common complication of urinary tract obstruction is:
infection
Kidney damage resulting from urinary tract obstruction is usually the result of:
back pressure and ischemia
Etiologic factors in the development of urolithiasis include:
urinary stasis
A major manifestation of kidney stones is pain. Colicky type pain is most commonly caused by:
smaller stones that move into the ureter
What is the main prevention measure for all types of kidney stones?
increased fluid intake
Which of the following predisposing factors is NOT associated with urinary tract infections?
Which population is least susceptible to urinary tract infections?
- women
- elderly men
- adolescent boys
adolescent boys
The most common cause of nosocomial urinary tract infections is:
catheterization
Symptoms of enuresis, dysuria, suprapubic discomfort, and frequency in a child suggests the presence of
lower UTI
Glomerulonephritis is most accurately described as representing:
an inflammatory process involving the glomerular structures of the kidney
Glomerulonephritis is thought to result from:
an immune response
The edema that develops in persons with glomerulonephritis and nephrotic syndrome reflects:
a loss of plasma proteins
Onset of pyelonephritis is usually is manifested by:
Abrupt onset of fever, chills, and CVA tenderness
Which one of the following age groups is most susceptible to renal damage caused by drugs?
Elderly adults
Which statement is FALSE concerning intrarenal failure?
- It most often results from acute tubular necrosis
- It results from hypoxia-related prerenal failure
- It results from exposure of the kidney to toxic substances
- It is easily treated and rarely results in death
it is easily treated and rarely results in death
Acute glomerulonephritis and pyelonephritis may advance to:
intrarenal failure
Older men are most prone to:
postrenal failure
Trauma and shock result in:
the interruption of renal blood flow
Hemorrhage can lead to what type of renal failure (pre, post, intra)
prerenal failure and intrarenal failure
Acute tubular necrosis is characterized by:
destructive changes in the tubular epithelium
Most cases of acute tubular necrosis are caused by:
ischemia or nephrotoxic agents
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN) progresses through three phases “the initiating, maintenance, and recovery phases. Which of the following is false?
- The initiating phase is the time from the onset of the precipitating event until the tubular injury occurs
- The maintenance phase is characterized by a decrease in GFR, retention of nitrogenous wastes, water intoxication, and other signs of renal failure
- The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely
The recovery phase is heralded by sudden diuresis indicating that the nephrons have recovered completely
Treatment focus for acute renal failure includes:
treating the underlying cause
End-stage renal disease is characterized by alterations in all of the following EXCEPT:
- endocrine functions of the kidney
- alterations in the V:Q ratio
- alterations in filtration
- alterations in reabsorption
alterations in the V:Q ratio
Signs of chronic renal failure do not develop until the disease is far advanced. This can best be explained in terms of:
the great functional reserve of the kidneys
Renal insufficiency represents a reduction in the glomerular filtration rate of:
50%-20%
One of the early signs of renal failure is:
an increase in nitrogenous wastes in the blood
The decrease in pH that occurs in persons with renal failure can best be described in terms of:
decreased ability of the kidneys to excrete metabolic acids
In chronic renal failure, serum calcium:
- is affected by impaired excretion of phosphorus
- is maintained by the chronic stimulation of the parathyroid glands
- is maintained by increased bone resorption
Serum potassium is usually elevated in renal failure. This could most likely be attributed to the fact that:
potassium is absorbed in the kidney
Anemia frequently found in persons with chronic renal failure can best be explained in terms of:
failure of the kidneys to activate or produce erythropoietin
The impaired synthesis of erythropoietin and the effects of uremia in chronic renal failure cause:
anemia
The development of hypertension in a person with renal failure is largely related to:
increased intravascular fluid and the renin-angiotensin mechanism
