Chapter 2 Flashcards
Lysosomes and Peroxisomes
Digestive system of cell, capable of breaking down worn out cell parts to recycle or foreign substances such as bacteria. Require pH of 5
Tay-Sachs
lysosome enzyme is deficient
Peroxisomes degrade peroxides
free radical control
By the time RBC has matured it still has its
hemoglobin
mitochondria are power plants by transforming
organic compounds into ATP
Alzheimer affects the
cytoskeleton
when altitude increased there is still the same amount of O2 but
less pressure to push O2 into lungs
when under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted into
lactic acid
with O2 lactic acid is reconverted back to pyruvate and used directly for
energy to synthesize glucose
aerobic supplies
90% of bodies energy
under anaerobic glycolysis breaks sugar into
2 ATP molecules
after glycolysis H+ are put back on 2 carbon chunks which forms
lactic acid
in aerobic metabolism 2 carbon molecules enter mitochondria and
1 ATP is formed
ATP is produced in
mitochondria
diffusion
uniform concentration molecules/particles move from high to low concentration
osmosis
water moves through semi-permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration
if you give IV of water the blood cells will
burst
messenger molecules attach to receptor protein on
cell surface
receptor proteins cause cell to respond by
- opening/closing ion channel
- causing a molecule to be released inside
- turning on enzyme in cells
- stimulating transcription of genes in nucleus
stimulus causes ___ channel to open
Na+
once reached threshold potential
more Na+ channels open
the influx of Na+ causes the cell to become
depolarized (more positive)
once action potential is reached
K+ diffuses out
when K+ diffuses out this makes the cell
depolarized (more negative)
action potential starts with
sodium
h2o makes up how much of the cytoplasm
70-85%
lipids combine with proteins to form the
cell membrane
electrolytes facilitate the generation and transmission of
electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle
all eukaryotic cells have at least
one nucleus
nucleus contain
DNA
nucleus contains _____ which contain info for synthesis of proteins
Genes
nucleus is the site for
RNA synthesis
Tay-Sachs is a autosomal
recessive disorder
Tay Sachs disease is a lysosome enzyme deficient needed to degrade
GM2 ganglioside
RBC start out with all of their organelles but end up loosing lysosomes and small Golgi bodies why?
those organelles are not needed for the function of RBC which is to carry O2 and CO2
mitochondria contain their own
DNA
alzhemizers is a disrupted
cytoskeleton
plasma membrane is
semi permeable
plasma membrane has receptors for
hormones
plasma membrane participates in
electrical events in nerve and muscle cells
plasma membrane regulates
cell growth and proliferation
anaerobic metabolism includes
glycolysis
glycolysis liberates energy from glucose when
oxygen to the cell is delayed or impaired
aerobic occurs in the
mitochondria
in aerobic metabolism hydrogen and carbon molecules are broken down and combined with
O2 to form carbon dioxide and water
cyanide positing works by
binding enzymes needed for final step in the oxidative phosphorylation sequence
glycolic pathway occurs in
cytoplasm
in glycolysis breaking molecules involves the removal of
electrons
Krebs cycle occurs in
aerobic
aerobic metabolism is breaking molecules involves
removing electrons
facilitated diffusion works on what moleules
insulin and glucose
active transport example
Na/K ATPase Pump
endocytosis is made up of 2 processes
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
phagocytosis is cell
eating
pinocytosis is cell
drinking
exocytosis is
secretion of intracellular substances
ion channels are rapid movement facilitated through selective ion channels made up of
proteins
in ion channels specific stimuli cause protein subunits to undergo confromational changes to
open channels
example of ion channel is
slow channel calcium blockers
cell communication is accomplished by
chemical messenger systems
cell membrane receptors are made up of _______, _______, _________ _______ that help communicate
neurotransmitters, protein, peptide hormones
process of cell communication involves a messenger molecule attaches to
receptor protein on cell surface
membrane potential is
self generated electricity
changes in membrane potential are necessary for
generation and conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction
3 major cations involved with action potential
K+, Na+, Ca+
an action potential is the result of ____ movement into the cell
Na
fertilized ovum undergoes a series of divisions forming
200 cell types
muscle and nervous tissue lose their ability to
undergo cell division
epithelial tissue
regenerate when injured
epithelial tissue can be simple which is
blood vessels, lymph nodes, alveoli
epithelial tissue can be stratified which is
more than one layer of cells
epithelial tissues can be transitional which is one example
urinary bladder
epithelial can also be glandular which
synthesize, store, secrete proteins, lipids, and complexes
connective tissues can be
blood, cartilage, bone
connective tissue also fills
spaces and forms layers encasing blood and lymph, provides mean to nourish tissues
skeletal and cardiac muscle cannot undergo
mitotic activity
smooth muscle can
proliferate and undergo mitotic activity
nerve cells are
highly differentiated
nerve cells are incapable of
regeneration
afferent nerve cells
toward CNS
efferent nerve cells
away from CNS
