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Pathophysiology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lysosomes and Peroxisomes

A

Digestive system of cell, capable of breaking down worn out cell parts to recycle or foreign substances such as bacteria. Require pH of 5

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2
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

lysosome enzyme is deficient

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3
Q

Peroxisomes degrade peroxides

A

free radical control

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4
Q

By the time RBC has matured it still has its

A

hemoglobin

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5
Q

mitochondria are power plants by transforming

A

organic compounds into ATP

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6
Q

Alzheimer affects the

A

cytoskeleton

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7
Q

when altitude increased there is still the same amount of O2 but

A

less pressure to push O2 into lungs

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8
Q

when under anaerobic conditions pyruvate is converted into

A

lactic acid

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9
Q

with O2 lactic acid is reconverted back to pyruvate and used directly for

A

energy to synthesize glucose

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10
Q

aerobic supplies

A

90% of bodies energy

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11
Q

under anaerobic glycolysis breaks sugar into

A

2 ATP molecules

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12
Q

after glycolysis H+ are put back on 2 carbon chunks which forms

A

lactic acid

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13
Q

in aerobic metabolism 2 carbon molecules enter mitochondria and

A

1 ATP is formed

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14
Q

ATP is produced in

A

mitochondria

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15
Q

diffusion

A

uniform concentration molecules/particles move from high to low concentration

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16
Q

osmosis

A

water moves through semi-permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration

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17
Q

if you give IV of water the blood cells will

A

burst

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18
Q

messenger molecules attach to receptor protein on

A

cell surface

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19
Q

receptor proteins cause cell to respond by

A
  1. opening/closing ion channel
  2. causing a molecule to be released inside
  3. turning on enzyme in cells
  4. stimulating transcription of genes in nucleus
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20
Q

stimulus causes ___ channel to open

A

Na+

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21
Q

once reached threshold potential

A

more Na+ channels open

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22
Q

the influx of Na+ causes the cell to become

A

depolarized (more positive)

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23
Q

once action potential is reached

A

K+ diffuses out

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24
Q

when K+ diffuses out this makes the cell

A

depolarized (more negative)

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25
Q

action potential starts with

A

sodium

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26
Q

h2o makes up how much of the cytoplasm

A

70-85%

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27
Q

lipids combine with proteins to form the

A

cell membrane

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28
Q

electrolytes facilitate the generation and transmission of

A

electrochemical impulses in nerve and muscle

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29
Q

all eukaryotic cells have at least

A

one nucleus

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30
Q

nucleus contain

A

DNA

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31
Q

nucleus contains _____ which contain info for synthesis of proteins

A

Genes

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32
Q

nucleus is the site for

A

RNA synthesis

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33
Q

Tay-Sachs is a autosomal

A

recessive disorder

34
Q

Tay Sachs disease is a lysosome enzyme deficient needed to degrade

A

GM2 ganglioside

35
Q

RBC start out with all of their organelles but end up loosing lysosomes and small Golgi bodies why?

A

those organelles are not needed for the function of RBC which is to carry O2 and CO2

36
Q

mitochondria contain their own

A

DNA

37
Q

alzhemizers is a disrupted

A

cytoskeleton

38
Q

plasma membrane is

A

semi permeable

39
Q

plasma membrane has receptors for

A

hormones

40
Q

plasma membrane participates in

A

electrical events in nerve and muscle cells

41
Q

plasma membrane regulates

A

cell growth and proliferation

42
Q

anaerobic metabolism includes

A

glycolysis

43
Q

glycolysis liberates energy from glucose when

A

oxygen to the cell is delayed or impaired

44
Q

aerobic occurs in the

A

mitochondria

45
Q

in aerobic metabolism hydrogen and carbon molecules are broken down and combined with

A

O2 to form carbon dioxide and water

46
Q

cyanide positing works by

A

binding enzymes needed for final step in the oxidative phosphorylation sequence

47
Q

glycolic pathway occurs in

A

cytoplasm

48
Q

in glycolysis breaking molecules involves the removal of

A

electrons

49
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in

A

aerobic

50
Q

aerobic metabolism is breaking molecules involves

A

removing electrons

51
Q

facilitated diffusion works on what moleules

A

insulin and glucose

52
Q

active transport example

A

Na/K ATPase Pump

53
Q

endocytosis is made up of 2 processes

A

phagocytosis and pinocytosis

54
Q

phagocytosis is cell

A

eating

55
Q

pinocytosis is cell

A

drinking

56
Q

exocytosis is

A

secretion of intracellular substances

57
Q

ion channels are rapid movement facilitated through selective ion channels made up of

A

proteins

58
Q

in ion channels specific stimuli cause protein subunits to undergo confromational changes to

A

open channels

59
Q

example of ion channel is

A

slow channel calcium blockers

60
Q

cell communication is accomplished by

A

chemical messenger systems

61
Q

cell membrane receptors are made up of _______, _______, _________ _______ that help communicate

A

neurotransmitters, protein, peptide hormones

62
Q

process of cell communication involves a messenger molecule attaches to

A

receptor protein on cell surface

63
Q

membrane potential is

A

self generated electricity

64
Q

changes in membrane potential are necessary for

A

generation and conduction of nerve impulses and muscle contraction

65
Q

3 major cations involved with action potential

A

K+, Na+, Ca+

66
Q

an action potential is the result of ____ movement into the cell

A

Na

67
Q

fertilized ovum undergoes a series of divisions forming

A

200 cell types

68
Q

muscle and nervous tissue lose their ability to

A

undergo cell division

69
Q

epithelial tissue

A

regenerate when injured

70
Q

epithelial tissue can be simple which is

A

blood vessels, lymph nodes, alveoli

71
Q

epithelial tissue can be stratified which is

A

more than one layer of cells

72
Q

epithelial tissues can be transitional which is one example

A

urinary bladder

73
Q

epithelial can also be glandular which

A

synthesize, store, secrete proteins, lipids, and complexes

74
Q

connective tissues can be

A

blood, cartilage, bone

75
Q

connective tissue also fills

A

spaces and forms layers encasing blood and lymph, provides mean to nourish tissues

76
Q

skeletal and cardiac muscle cannot undergo

A

mitotic activity

77
Q

smooth muscle can

A

proliferate and undergo mitotic activity

78
Q

nerve cells are

A

highly differentiated

79
Q

nerve cells are incapable of

A

regeneration

80
Q

afferent nerve cells

A

toward CNS

81
Q

efferent nerve cells

A

away from CNS

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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