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Pathophysiology > Chapters 30 & 31 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapters 30 & 31 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The respiratory system can be divided into two parts: the conducting airway through which air travels as it moves between the atmosphere and the lungs and the respiratory tissues of body where gas exchange takes place. The respiratory tissues consist of the:

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures

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2
Q

The oropharynx connects the nasopharynx and the mouth, which serves as an alternate airway. Obstruction of the oropharynx by a large foreign object leads to:

A

breathing cessation

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3
Q

The moisture that is added to the air as it moves through the conducting airway:

A

increases as body temperature increases

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4
Q

The functions of the larynx, which connects the oropharynx with the trachea, are those associated with:

A

speech, conducting air between the atmosphere and the respiratory tissues of the lung, protecting the lungs from inhalation of substances other than air

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5
Q

The vocal folds of the larynx and the opening between them are collectively referred to as the:

A

glottis

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6
Q

Conditions that impair closure of the glottis such as the presence of a nasogastric tube impair coughing by:

A

preventing the full increase in intrathoracic pressure needed for an effective cough

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7
Q

The horseshoe-shaped cartilages that support the trachea and large bronchi:

A

prevent them from collapsing when the pressure in the chest becomes negative

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8
Q

Blood is supplied to the conducting airways and supporting structures of the lungs by the:

A

bronchial circulation

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9
Q

Prolonged fever can result in dehydration by:

A

increasing the amount of water that is removed from the air each time it moves through the conducting airways
increasing the respiratory rate and the frequency with which the air needs to be moisturized

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10
Q

The pleura is a thin double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. The thin layer of fluid that separates the two layers:

A

prevents frictional forces from developing as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration, keeps the outer surface of the lung from separating from the chest wall when the chest expands

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11
Q

The intrapleural pressure is normally negative in relation to:

A

atmospheric pressure

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12
Q

Adequate ventilation depends on:

A

patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs

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13
Q

Adequate ventilation depends on:

A

patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs

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14
Q

Which one of the following constitutes the main muscles of inspiration?

A

diaphragm

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15
Q

Lung compliance refers to the ease with which:

A

the lungs can be inflated or the amount of pressure needed to change their volume

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16
Q

Which lung diseases would be expected to have decrease compliance or stiffer lungs??

A

ARDS stiffer, less compliant

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17
Q

Which lung diseases would be expected to have increased compliance??

A

emphysema loss of elasticity more compliant

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18
Q

Surface tension describes:

A

force that develop at the liquid/air interface in the alveoli

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19
Q

In which one of the following situations would the diffusing capacity of the lung be impaired because of a decrease in surface area?

A

surgical removal of a lung

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20
Q

Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is transported:

A

attached to hemoglobin

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21
Q

The PO2 levels of the blood refer to the oxygen that is:

A

dissolved in the plasma

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22
Q

Most of the carbon dioxide that is produced as a result of tissue metabolism is carried in the blood in the form of:

A

bicarbonate

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23
Q

Surfactant functions to:

A

reduce alveolar surface tension

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24
Q

The three syndromes of influenza include all but one of the following. Which one is not related to the influenza virus?
Meningitis
Rhinotracheitis
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory virus followed by a bacterial infection

A

meningitis

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25
Q

The virulence of S. pneumoniae is related to:

A

its polysaccharide capsule, which resists digestion by phagocytes

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26
Q

The most common form of pneumonia is characterized by:

A

malaise; a sudden, severe shaking chill; and high fever in a previously healthy person
progressive changes in sputum (watery to bloody to purulent) as the infection runs its course
changes in mental state and anorexia in older persons

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27
Q

People infected with HIV and tuberculosis may not have a hypersensitivity response to the tuberculin test owing to:

A

anergy

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28
Q

With upper airway obstruction in the infant and small child, retraction of chest structures occurs because:

A

the rib cage is more compliant or flexible in children

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29
Q

Which one of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by airway obstruction?

A

Epiglottitis

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30
Q

Signs of respiratory distress and impending respiratory failure in infants and small children include:

A

very rapid shallow breathing
increased pulse rate
grunting in an effort to maintain patent airways retractions of the chest cage

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31
Q

Pleural pain is usually:

A

unilateral and is made worse by breathing

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32
Q

In spontaneous pneumothorax, a communication develops between alveoli on the lung surface and the pleural space. As a result:

A

a portion of the lung collapses

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33
Q

Tension pneumothorax is characterized by:

A

a shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side

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34
Q

Atelectasis refers to:

A

incomplete expansion of a portion of the lung

35
Q

Which of the following conditions is not associated with atelectasis?

A

Receiving a bronchodilator medication

36
Q

Which one of the following is most descriptive of the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?

A

Dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, absence of breath sounds, and presence of intercostal retractions over the involved area

37
Q

Bronchial asthma involves:

A

airway inflammation

38
Q

Increased parasympathetic activity causes

A

relaxation of the bronchioles

39
Q

In bronchial asthma, the early response involves:

A

inflammation and increased airway responsiveness

40
Q

signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:

A

tight and nonproductive cough
wheezing and signs of airway obstruction
dyspnea and prolonged expiration

40
Q

signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:

A

tight and nonproductive cough
wheezing and signs of airway obstruction
dyspnea and prolonged expiration

41
Q

In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) there is:

A

small airway obstruction during the expiratory phase of ventilation

42
Q

A major risk factor for COPD is:

A

smoking

43
Q

Emphysema is characterized by:

A

abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls

44
Q

Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:

A

protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue

45
Q

Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:

A

protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue

46
Q

The major difference between â pink puffersâ with emphysema and â blue bloatersâ with bronchitis is:

A

the â pink puffersâ are able to overventilate and maintain near-normal blood gas levels until late in the disease

47
Q

Cor pulmonale:

A

results from a variety of chronic lung diseases, which increase the work of the right ventricle until it fails

48
Q

In the person with COPD, pursed-lip breathing improves ventilation because it: Please read text on COPD

A

increases small airway pressures during expiration as a means of preventing their collapse

49
Q

Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:

A

high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation

49
Q

Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:

A

high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation

50
Q

In persons with acute respiratory distress syndrome:

A

gas diffusion is impaired, and the lungs become stiff and difficult to inflate

51
Q

Causes of respiratory failure because of impaired gas diffusion include:

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

52
Q

Signs of hypercapnia include:

A

Headache, flushed skin, and conjunctival hyperemia

53
Q

why do the signs of hypercapnia happen

A

CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system

54
Q

why do the signs of hypercapnia happen

A

CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system

55
Q

Which one of the following could cause hypoxemia but not cyanosis?

A

anemia

56
Q

Which one of the following would differentiate chronic from acute hypoxia?

A

Polycythemia (gradual increase in RBC with chronic hypoxemia)

57
Q

The term vital capacity refers to:

A

the amount of air that remains in the lung after forceful expiration

58
Q

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:

A

entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways

59
Q

The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:

A

entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways

60
Q

The moisture content of the air that is in the lung

A

is maintained at 100% relative humidity

60
Q

The moisture content of the air that is in the lung

A

is maintained at 100% relative humidity

61
Q

The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called:

A

pleural effusion

62
Q

The rate of gas diffusion in the lung is directly proportional to:

A

the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane

63
Q

What happens in the lungs when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mm Hg?

A

Localized vasoconstriction

64
Q

The amount of dead-air space and shunting are factors that affect

A

the matching of ventilation and perfusion

65
Q

The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right to decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when:

A

pH decrease

66
Q

The two-step testing procedure for tuberculosis consists of administering a second test 1 week later in persons who test negative to the first test. The purpose of the two-step test is to:

A

check for a boosted response in which the first test acted as a booster shot, causing activation of the immune system so that it can response to the second test

67
Q

Cancer of the lung is divided into four types. Which of these types has the greatest ability to undergo paraneoplastic transformation and secrete polypeptide hormones?

A

Small cell carcinoma

68
Q

A distinguishing feature of influenza is:

A

abrupt-onset symptoms of fever, chills, and general malaise

69
Q

What is the most common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS?

A

Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)

70
Q

The pathogenicity of the tubercle baccilus is related to:

A

its ability to escape killing by macrophages and induce a delayed hypersensitivity immune response

71
Q

A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that:

A

an individual has been exposed and sensitized to the tubercle baccilus

72
Q

Respiratory distress syndrome manifests itself within 24 hours after birth with:

A

retractions with inspiration

73
Q

In tension pneumothorax, you would expect signs and symptoms to arise because intrathoracic pressure becomes:

A

greater than atmospheric

74
Q

A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:

A

empyema

75
Q

A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:

A

empyema

76
Q

Persons with COPD have a decrease in their FEV 1.0 that is measured during pulmonary function studies. The FEV 1.0 refers to:

A

the maximal amount of air that is exhaled in 1 second

77
Q

Extensive defense mechanisms prevent pneumonia in the general population. Predisposing factors for pneumonia related to these defense mechanisms include all of the following EXCEPT:
loss of cough reflex
drying of mucous membrane with decreased IgAs
damaged ciliated cells caused by smoking
low-grade fever

A

low grade fever

78
Q

Manifestations of lung cancer include:

A

hemoptysis

79
Q

During an asthmatic attack:

A

the residual lung volume is increased and forced expiratory volume decreased

80
Q

The administration of continuous (18-24 hours/day) low-flow oxygen to a person with COPD who has a low PO2 is beneficial because it:

A

decreases the stimulus for pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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