Chapters 30 & 31 Quiz Flashcards
The respiratory system can be divided into two parts: the conducting airway through which air travels as it moves between the atmosphere and the lungs and the respiratory tissues of body where gas exchange takes place. The respiratory tissues consist of the:
respiratory bronchioles and alveolar structures
The oropharynx connects the nasopharynx and the mouth, which serves as an alternate airway. Obstruction of the oropharynx by a large foreign object leads to:
breathing cessation
The moisture that is added to the air as it moves through the conducting airway:
increases as body temperature increases
The functions of the larynx, which connects the oropharynx with the trachea, are those associated with:
speech, conducting air between the atmosphere and the respiratory tissues of the lung, protecting the lungs from inhalation of substances other than air
The vocal folds of the larynx and the opening between them are collectively referred to as the:
glottis
Conditions that impair closure of the glottis such as the presence of a nasogastric tube impair coughing by:
preventing the full increase in intrathoracic pressure needed for an effective cough
The horseshoe-shaped cartilages that support the trachea and large bronchi:
prevent them from collapsing when the pressure in the chest becomes negative
Blood is supplied to the conducting airways and supporting structures of the lungs by the:
bronchial circulation
Prolonged fever can result in dehydration by:
increasing the amount of water that is removed from the air each time it moves through the conducting airways
increasing the respiratory rate and the frequency with which the air needs to be moisturized
The pleura is a thin double-layered serous membrane that surrounds the lungs. The thin layer of fluid that separates the two layers:
prevents frictional forces from developing as the lungs inflate and deflate during respiration, keeps the outer surface of the lung from separating from the chest wall when the chest expands
The intrapleural pressure is normally negative in relation to:
atmospheric pressure
Adequate ventilation depends on:
patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs
Adequate ventilation depends on:
patent airways
compliant lungs
pressure differences between atmosphere and lungs
Which one of the following constitutes the main muscles of inspiration?
diaphragm
Lung compliance refers to the ease with which:
the lungs can be inflated or the amount of pressure needed to change their volume
Which lung diseases would be expected to have decrease compliance or stiffer lungs??
ARDS stiffer, less compliant
Which lung diseases would be expected to have increased compliance??
emphysema loss of elasticity more compliant
Surface tension describes:
force that develop at the liquid/air interface in the alveoli
In which one of the following situations would the diffusing capacity of the lung be impaired because of a decrease in surface area?
surgical removal of a lung
Most of the oxygen carried in the blood is transported:
attached to hemoglobin
The PO2 levels of the blood refer to the oxygen that is:
dissolved in the plasma
Most of the carbon dioxide that is produced as a result of tissue metabolism is carried in the blood in the form of:
bicarbonate
Surfactant functions to:
reduce alveolar surface tension
The three syndromes of influenza include all but one of the following. Which one is not related to the influenza virus?
Meningitis
Rhinotracheitis
Viral pneumonia
Respiratory virus followed by a bacterial infection
meningitis
The virulence of S. pneumoniae is related to:
its polysaccharide capsule, which resists digestion by phagocytes
The most common form of pneumonia is characterized by:
malaise; a sudden, severe shaking chill; and high fever in a previously healthy person
progressive changes in sputum (watery to bloody to purulent) as the infection runs its course
changes in mental state and anorexia in older persons
People infected with HIV and tuberculosis may not have a hypersensitivity response to the tuberculin test owing to:
anergy
With upper airway obstruction in the infant and small child, retraction of chest structures occurs because:
the rib cage is more compliant or flexible in children
Which one of the following acute respiratory infections in children poses the greatest threat of severe hypoxia caused by airway obstruction?
Epiglottitis
Signs of respiratory distress and impending respiratory failure in infants and small children include:
very rapid shallow breathing
increased pulse rate
grunting in an effort to maintain patent airways retractions of the chest cage
Pleural pain is usually:
unilateral and is made worse by breathing
In spontaneous pneumothorax, a communication develops between alveoli on the lung surface and the pleural space. As a result:
a portion of the lung collapses
Tension pneumothorax is characterized by:
a shift of the mediastinum to the opposite side
Atelectasis refers to:
incomplete expansion of a portion of the lung
Which of the following conditions is not associated with atelectasis?
Receiving a bronchodilator medication
Which one of the following is most descriptive of the signs and symptoms of atelectasis?
Dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, absence of breath sounds, and presence of intercostal retractions over the involved area
Bronchial asthma involves:
airway inflammation
Increased parasympathetic activity causes
relaxation of the bronchioles
In bronchial asthma, the early response involves:
inflammation and increased airway responsiveness
signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:
tight and nonproductive cough
wheezing and signs of airway obstruction
dyspnea and prolonged expiration
signs and symptoms of bronchial asthma in children include:
tight and nonproductive cough
wheezing and signs of airway obstruction
dyspnea and prolonged expiration
In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) there is:
small airway obstruction during the expiratory phase of ventilation
A major risk factor for COPD is:
smoking
Emphysema is characterized by:
abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of the alveolar walls
Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:
protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue
Decreased levels of alpha1-antitrypsin have been implicated in the pathogenesis of emphysema. This enzyme:
protects the lung from damage by elastases and proteases that break down lung tissue
The major difference between â pink puffersâ with emphysema and â blue bloatersâ with bronchitis is:
the â pink puffersâ are able to overventilate and maintain near-normal blood gas levels until late in the disease
Cor pulmonale:
results from a variety of chronic lung diseases, which increase the work of the right ventricle until it fails
In the person with COPD, pursed-lip breathing improves ventilation because it: Please read text on COPD
increases small airway pressures during expiration as a means of preventing their collapse
Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:
high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation
Administering a high concentration of oxygen to a person with chronic hypoxia can be harmful because:
high concentrations suppress the oxygen chemoreceptors, which provide the main stimulus for ventilation
In persons with acute respiratory distress syndrome:
gas diffusion is impaired, and the lungs become stiff and difficult to inflate
Causes of respiratory failure because of impaired gas diffusion include:
acute respiratory distress syndrome
Signs of hypercapnia include:
Headache, flushed skin, and conjunctival hyperemia
why do the signs of hypercapnia happen
CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system
why do the signs of hypercapnia happen
CO2 vasodilates blood vessels and sedates nervous system
Which one of the following could cause hypoxemia but not cyanosis?
anemia
Which one of the following would differentiate chronic from acute hypoxia?
Polycythemia (gradual increase in RBC with chronic hypoxemia)
The term vital capacity refers to:
the amount of air that remains in the lung after forceful expiration
The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:
entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways
The function of the mucociliary blanket that lines the conducting airways is to:
entrap dust and other foreign matter from the airways, moisten the air as it moves through the airways
The moisture content of the air that is in the lung
is maintained at 100% relative humidity
The moisture content of the air that is in the lung
is maintained at 100% relative humidity
The abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is called:
pleural effusion
The rate of gas diffusion in the lung is directly proportional to:
the thickness of the alveolar-capillary membrane
What happens in the lungs when alveolar oxygen levels drop below 60 mm Hg?
Localized vasoconstriction
The amount of dead-air space and shunting are factors that affect
the matching of ventilation and perfusion
The oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is shifted to the right to decrease the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen when:
pH decrease
The two-step testing procedure for tuberculosis consists of administering a second test 1 week later in persons who test negative to the first test. The purpose of the two-step test is to:
check for a boosted response in which the first test acted as a booster shot, causing activation of the immune system so that it can response to the second test
Cancer of the lung is divided into four types. Which of these types has the greatest ability to undergo paraneoplastic transformation and secrete polypeptide hormones?
Small cell carcinoma
A distinguishing feature of influenza is:
abrupt-onset symptoms of fever, chills, and general malaise
What is the most common opportunistic infection in children with AIDS?
Pneumocystis carinii (jirovecii)
The pathogenicity of the tubercle baccilus is related to:
its ability to escape killing by macrophages and induce a delayed hypersensitivity immune response
A positive tuberculin skin test indicates that:
an individual has been exposed and sensitized to the tubercle baccilus
Respiratory distress syndrome manifests itself within 24 hours after birth with:
retractions with inspiration
In tension pneumothorax, you would expect signs and symptoms to arise because intrathoracic pressure becomes:
greater than atmospheric
A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:
empyema
A pleural effusion in which pus fills the pleural cavity is called:
empyema
Persons with COPD have a decrease in their FEV 1.0 that is measured during pulmonary function studies. The FEV 1.0 refers to:
the maximal amount of air that is exhaled in 1 second
Extensive defense mechanisms prevent pneumonia in the general population. Predisposing factors for pneumonia related to these defense mechanisms include all of the following EXCEPT:
loss of cough reflex
drying of mucous membrane with decreased IgAs
damaged ciliated cells caused by smoking
low-grade fever
low grade fever
Manifestations of lung cancer include:
hemoptysis
During an asthmatic attack:
the residual lung volume is increased and forced expiratory volume decreased
The administration of continuous (18-24 hours/day) low-flow oxygen to a person with COPD who has a low PO2 is beneficial because it:
decreases the stimulus for pulmonary hypertension and polycythemia
