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Pathophysiology > Chapter 30, 31 > Flashcards

Chapter 30, 31 Flashcards

1
Q

the most common port of entry for cold viruses is

A

conjunctival surfaces of the eyes

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2
Q

influenza could lead to

A

pneumonia

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3
Q

3 types of pneomina

A

community acquired, hospital acquired and immunocompromised

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4
Q

community acquired pneumonia is what bacteria

A

streptococus

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5
Q

hospital acquired pneumonia is

A

VAP

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6
Q

immunocomprimised pneumonia

A

defects in cellular immunity predispose to infections with viruses, fungi, mycobacterium and protozoa

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7
Q

example of immunocomprimised pneumonia in AIDS

A

pnuemocystis carini

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8
Q

pneumonia is the most common cause of death from

A

infectious disease

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9
Q

pneumococcal _________ _______ most common,

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

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10
Q

pneumococcal virulence is a function of its ______ which prevents or delays _______ by phagocytes

A

capsules, digestion

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11
Q

people at risk of pneumococcal

A

elderly, trauma patient/immunocomprimised

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12
Q

spleen play a major rode in both _____ production and ______ activity

A

antibody, macrophage

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13
Q

symptoms of pneumococcal

A

malaise, severe shaking chill, fever, crackles

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14
Q

in elderly pneumococcal they may only have 2 symptoms

A

mental status change and appetite change

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15
Q

people who should get vaccine for pneumococcal

A

elderly, sickle cell and splenectomy

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16
Q

tuberculosis is an _______ disease

A

inhaled

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17
Q

tuberculosis anergy

A

false negative reaction

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18
Q

anergy in immunocomprmised people it can mean that the person

A

has a true lack of exposure to the tuberculosis or is unable to mount an immune response to the test

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19
Q

ghon complex

A

nodules in lung tissue and lymph nodes

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20
Q

initial TB infection results in granulomatous lesion or ______ focus containing
macrophages, T cells and inactive TB bacteria

A

Ghon

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21
Q

2 types of lung cancer

A

small cell and non small cell

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22
Q

one of the key manifestations of center is

A

ectopic hormones secreted by tumor cells (paraneiplastic disorders)

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23
Q

ADH

A

syndrom of inapprotipate ADH

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24
Q

ACTH

A

cushings

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25
Q

PTH

A

related protein hypercalecemia

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26
Q

clubbing

A

fingers swell by nail

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27
Q

respiratory disorders have in infants and children why?

A

immature musculoskeletal system

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28
Q

2 types of respiratory obstruction in children

A

extrathoracic airways (upper)
intrathoracic airways (lower)

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29
Q

extrathoracic airways (upper) have inspiratory retractions as ribs are moved outward and body wall

A

does not expand with rib cage

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30
Q

intrathoracic airways (lower) rib cage retractions as ribs are pulled inward but air

A

does not leave lungs

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31
Q

premature babies are deficient in

A

surfactant

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32
Q

when a premature baby has a lack of surfactant they are not strong enough to

A

inflate their alveoli

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33
Q

T/F: premature infants are at greater risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome than term infants

A

T (why? bc premies are lacking type 2 alveoli which leads to no surfactant)

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34
Q

epiglottis medical emergency how does the child apper

A

toxic, lethargic, difficulty swallowing, muffle voice, drooling, fever, distress

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35
Q

if you see a child presenting with symptoms of epiglottis medical emergency what should you avoid

A

aggressive examination (do not look at throat or lay down unless at the hospital)

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36
Q

hypventialtion causes

A

hypercapnia and hypoxia

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37
Q

hypoventialltion can be caused by

A

depression of respiratory center, diseases of respiratory nerves/muslces, thoracic cage disorders

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38
Q

causes of respiratory failure

A

hypoventilation, ventilation/perfusion mismatching, impaired diffusion

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39
Q

impaired diffusion leads to

A

hypoxemia (not hypercapnia)

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40
Q

impaired diffusion is caused by

A

interstitial lung diease, ARDS, pulmonary edema, pneumonia

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41
Q

hypoxemia is low

A

O2

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42
Q

hypoxemia may present with cyanosis but why should you NOT rely on cyanosis

A

may be late and is unreliable in dark skin tones

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43
Q

mild hypoxemia produces few manifestations a slight impairment of _______ performance, and visual activity, hyperventilation and impaired ________, a patient may have complete personality change where grandma is nice but becomes _________

A

mental, judgement, comabtive

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44
Q

hypercapnia is a increase in

A

CO2

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45
Q

hypercapnia is caused by

A

respiratory acidosis

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46
Q

hydrothorax

A

serous fluid

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47
Q

empyema

A

pus

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48
Q

chylothorax

A

lymph

49
Q

hemothorax

A

blood

50
Q

pneumothorax

A

air

51
Q

death can be cause with what pneumothorax

A

tension

52
Q

one of the key signs of tension pneumothorax is

A

tracheal deviation

53
Q

tension pneumothorax could lead to what kind of shock

A

obstruction

54
Q

tension pneumothorax CPR and epi will or won’t fix it

A

wont

55
Q

tension pneumothorax could happen because of

A

trauma, fall, car crash

56
Q

atelectasis is

A

incomplete expansion of a lung or portion of the lung

57
Q

atelectasis is very common

A

post op

58
Q

when treating atelectasis you need to have your patient do/give to them

A

pain meds, mobility, deep breaths

59
Q

3 types if obstructive airway disorders

A

bronchial, emphysema, cystic fibrosis

60
Q

the tone of the ________ smooth muscles surrounding the airways determines airway radius

A

bronchial

61
Q

the presence or absence of airway ______ influences airway patency

A

secretions

62
Q

treatment for asthma is

A

B2 agonists

63
Q

B2 agonists are broncho

A

dilator

64
Q

factors contributing to the development of asthma attack

A

allergies, infections, exercise, drugs, hormones, airborne pollutants

65
Q

___ die from asthma a day

A

10

66
Q

in asthma you have airway

A

inflammation

67
Q

responses to airway inflammation is

A

increased airway responsiveness
bronchospasm
airflow limitation

68
Q

extrinsic asthma is related to

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

69
Q

what causes acute response in extrinsic asthma

A

mast cells inflammatory mediators

70
Q

intrinsic asthma can be caused by

A

infection, exercise, hyperventilation, cold air, inhaled irritants, aspirin

71
Q

what are results in narrowing of the airway and airflow obstruction

A

bronchospasm, airway inflammation and hyperrespinsiveness

72
Q

asthma manifestaions

A

chest constriction, wheezing, dyspnea, use of accessory muscles, pulsus paradoxus, nonproductive coughing

73
Q

status asthmatics (severe asthma)

A

bronchospasm not reversed by usual measures, life threatining

74
Q

ominous signs of impending death

A

silent chest, no audible air movement, PCO2 greater than 70

75
Q

peak flow meter tells asthma patient

A

how acute the attack is

76
Q

peak flow meter tells

A

FEV

77
Q

COPD

A

emphysema, chronic bronchitis

78
Q

emphysema

A

loss of lung elasticity and abnormal enlargement of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles, destruction of alveolar wall and capillary beds

79
Q

cause of emphysema

A

smoking

80
Q

genetic type of emphysema

A

alpha 1 antitrypsin deficieny

81
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

chronic productive cough of more than 3 months duration for 2 years, obstruction of small airways

82
Q

mechanisms of COPD

A

obstructive airflow, decreased surface area for gas exchange, airway collapse, obstructed exhalation, air trapping

83
Q

emphysema

A

trouble getting air out

84
Q

bleb

A

distruction of alveloi

85
Q

a bleb can develop ________ if it were to burst and leak into intraplueral space

A

pneumothorax

86
Q

chronic bronchitis

A

chronic irritation of airways, increased number of mucous cells, productive cough

87
Q

pink puffers

A

emphysema

88
Q

blue bloaters

A

bronchitis

89
Q

pink puffers increases respiration to maintain

A

oxygen levels

90
Q

pink puffers may like

A

pursed lip breathing

91
Q

do not give _______ ____ high O2 ammounts

A

pink puffers

92
Q

blue bloaters cannot increase respiration enough to maintain

A

O2 levels

93
Q

blue bloaters get

A

cyanosis, polycythemia, cor pulomale

94
Q

blue bloaters cannot

A

breath enough

95
Q

cystic fibrosis is autosomal

A

recessive

96
Q

cystic fibrosis affects what group

A

caucasians

97
Q

cystic fibrosis involves _____ transport proteins

A

chloride

98
Q

cystic fibrosis fluid secretion in the ______ glands and epithelial lining of the respiratory, GI and reproductive tracts

A

exocrine

99
Q

cystic fibrosis have high concentrations in sweat

A

NaCl

100
Q

cystic fibrosis have a thick

A

mucous

101
Q

cystic fibrosis life expectancy is

A

shorter

102
Q

interstitial lung disease

A

characterized by restrictive changes in the lung; injury to the alveolar epithelium followed by inflammatory process

103
Q

interstitial lung disease is restictive or obstructive

A

restrictive

104
Q

interstitial lung disease have a low

A

FEV1

105
Q

pulmonary embolism can be

A

thrombus, air, fat, amniotic fluid

106
Q

pulmonary embolism can happen after a

A

long flight

107
Q

pulmonary embolism oral contraceptives + smoking=

A

3x risk

108
Q

pulmonary embolism: you can have an umbrella put in __________ to prevent clots from going into lungs

A

vena cava

109
Q

cor pulmonale

A

right heart failure resulting from primary lung diease and longstanding primary or secondary pulmonary hypertension

110
Q

ARDS

A

acute respiratory distress syndrom

111
Q

ARDS is not a diease it happens

A

in response to something

112
Q

ARDs exudate enters alveoli and blocks

A

gas exchange and makes inhalation more difficult

113
Q

ARDS neutrophils enter the alveoil

A

release inflammatory mediators, release proteolytic enzymes

114
Q

ARDS is know as

A

white out

115
Q

ARDs have high probability that when alveolus is not functioning its a

A

shunt

116
Q

hypoxemia respiratory failure is caused by

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary diease, restrictive lung diease, severe pneumonia, atelectasis, impaired diffusion

117
Q

hypoxemia you have

A

tachycardia and restlessness

118
Q

hypercapnia and hypoxemia go

A

hand in hand

119
Q

hypercapnia and hypoxia can come from

A

upper airway obstruction
- infection
- tumors
weakness or paralysis of respiratory muscles
- brain injury
- drug over dose
- Guillain Baree
- Shock
- spinal cord injury
and chest wall injury

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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