Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

if a cell does not make adaptive changes as a result it will

A

die

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

atrophy

A

decrease in cell size caused by disease, denervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, inadequate nutrition, ischemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size and functioning mass from increased workload, physiologic or pathologic; functional components of the cell increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypertrophy can be

A

adaptive or compensatory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

adaptive hypertrophy

A

cardiomyopathy with hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

compensatory hypertrophy

A

hypertrophy of remaining kidney after other was removed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hyperplasia is involved in

A

wound healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

physiologic hyperplasia

A

hormonal (pregnancy): uterine enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

compensation hyperplasia

A

regeneration of the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

non physiologic hyperplasia

A

excessive hormonal/growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaplasia

A

reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

dysplasia

A

deranged cell growth that results in varied size, shape and appearance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

dysplasia is reversible but might be what precursor

A

cancer precursor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

which ones are change in cell SIZE

A

hypertrophy and atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which ones are change in NUMBER

A

hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

which ones are change in cell TYPE

A

metaplasia and dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

exogenous

A

outside of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

endogenous

A

inside of body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

icterus jaundice

A

retention of bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lipofuscin

A

wear and tear pigment; yellow brown pigment from indigestible residues produced from normal cell turnover

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

icterus jaundice and lipofuscin is a example of

A

endogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

coal dust in lungs, lead and tattoos are an example of

A

exogenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

increased amounts of CT scans especially in children causes an increased risk of

A

cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

lead crosses

A

placenta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

stresses damage cells by

A
  1. direct damage to proteins, membrane and DNA
  2. ATP depletion
  3. Hypoxia
  4. Free radial formation
  5. Increased intracellular calcium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

free radicals are unstable because they are

A

molecules with an unpaired electron in the outer electron shell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

free radicals are a particular threat to tissues in which blood flow has been interrupted and then restored because

A

when blood flow is restored the cell is suddenly confronted with an excess of free radicals that it cannot control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

hypoxia is absence of enough

A

oxygen to the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hypoxia damages cell by diminishing

A

ATP production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

apoptosis

A

programed cell death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

necrosis

A

abnormal cell death, not reversible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

gangrene is ______ tissue

A

necrotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

dry gangrene is a lack of

A

arterial blood supply, venous blood carries fluid out (DRY DOES NOT GET SWOLLEN)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

wet gangrene is lack of

A

venous blood supply, fluid accumulates because there is no blood to carry it away this is what causes swelling

36
Q

gas gangrene is what type of infection

A

clostridium infection

37
Q

gas gangrene forms what under the skin

A

bubbles

38
Q

cellular adaptation allow the stressed tissues to

A

survive or maintain function

39
Q

example of metaplasia

A

smokers lose ciliated cells in lungs

40
Q

stressed cells may fill up with

A

unused foods, abnormal proteins, pigments, calcium salts

41
Q

why would a stressed cell fill up with lipids

A

starvation or alcholoism

42
Q

why would a stressed cell fill up with glycogen

A

von gierke

43
Q

a stressed cell filling up with abnormal proteins can cause what diseases

A

alzheimer/parkinsons

44
Q

some examples of pigments are

A

Jaundice, carbon, tattoo ink

45
Q

abnormal endogenous products from errors in

A

metabolism

46
Q

in starvation and diabetes delivery of free fatty acids to the ______ are increased and accumulate

A

liver

47
Q

in alcoholism

A

intraheptic metabolism of lipids is disturbed

48
Q

fatty liver is the beginning of

A

cerosis

49
Q

if glycogen metabolism is affected you can get

A

intracellular glycogen stores

50
Q

von Gierke disease

A

results in large amounts of glycogen accumulating in liver and kidney also low blood sugar

51
Q

tay sachs has abnormal _____ accumulation in _____ and other tissue causing motor and mental deterioration

A

lipid; brain

52
Q

tay sachs is noticeable at ____ and death at __-__

A

6 moths; 2-3 years

53
Q

icterus is caused by

A

retention of bilirubin which is caused by RBC destruction, obstruction of bile passages or toxic disease preventing bilirubin removal

54
Q

most common exogenous

A

coal dust

55
Q

examples of exogenous

A

coal dust, lead, tattoos (insoluble pigments engulfed by macrophages)

56
Q

metastatic occurs in normal tissue as a result of

A

increased serum calcium levels

57
Q

the older you get the more

A

calcium salts you have

58
Q

physical agents causing cell injury

A

mechanical, thermal. electric

59
Q

radiation cell injury causes

A

ionizing, ultraviolet, nonionizing

60
Q

chemical cell injury

A

drugs, lead, mercury

61
Q

cell injury can also be caused by

A

biologic agents, and nutritional imbalances

62
Q

hypoxia

A

ischemia, anemia, inability to use

63
Q

lead competes with

A

calcium

64
Q

lead

A

inactivates enzymes, competes with calcium for incorporation into bone and interferes with nerve transmission and brain development; demyelination of cerebral and cerebellar white matter and death of cortical nerve tissue

65
Q

major targets of lead

A

RBC, Gi tract, kidneys and nervous system

66
Q

stress damages cells by

A

direct damage to proteins, membranes, DNA; ATP deletion and hypoxia, free radical formation, increased intracellular calcium

67
Q

free radicals can react with normal cell components by

A

damaging them or turning them into more free radicals

68
Q

free radicals are removed by antioxidants

A

Vit E, A, C

69
Q

we need free radicals for

A

phagocytosis

70
Q

free radicals have

A

loss of membrane integrity, DNA damage

71
Q

what is dangerous about cardiac arrest and free radicals

A

when the blood flow is restored the cells are confronted with a lot of free radicals that the cells cannot control

72
Q

lactic acid damages

A

cell membranes, intracellular structures and DNA

73
Q

how does hypoxia cause cell damage

A

diminishes ATP production

74
Q

oxygen is an ingredient to ____ in the aerobic pathway

A

ATP

75
Q

we usually maintain ___ intracellular calcium

A

low

76
Q

calcium cascade

A

when calcium is released into the cell it acts as a second messenger that turns on enzymes. These enzymes can damage cells and open more calcium gates letting in even more calcium

77
Q

apoptosis removes

A

unwanted tissues

78
Q

necrotic cell death causes cells to swell and rupture which leads to

A

inflammation

79
Q

how does apoptosis work

A

turn on their own enzymes, digest own cell proteins and DNA, destroyed by white blood cells

80
Q

we need apoptosis for physiologic issues

A

webbed fingers, menstruation or weaning (all normal)

81
Q

pathophysiologic apoptosis can also occur

A

cancer if apoptosis is suppressed, and neurodegenerative such as Alzheimers, ALS

82
Q

apoptosis is caused by

A

signaling factor, mitochondrial damage inside the cell and P53 protein

83
Q

in necrosis cells may undergo

A

liquefaction, coagulation, infraction, caseous necoriss

84
Q

necrotic tissue cannot be

A

reversed

85
Q

telomeres are

A

outermost tail of chromosome arm

86
Q

telomeres shorten with age

A

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions