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Pathophysiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Neoplasia

A

process of ‘new growth’

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2
Q

neoplasms proliferate to form

A

new tissue

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3
Q

neoplasia ignore signals to stop

A

Dividing

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4
Q

neoplasia often do not mature normally (differentiate) meaning

A

they do not do the job they are supposed to do

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5
Q

neoplasia do not go through

A

apoptosis

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6
Q

cancer is caused by

A

decreased in immune system

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7
Q

neoplasia is relatively

A

autonomous

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8
Q

cell proliferation

A

process of cell division
inherent adaptive mechanism for replacing body cells

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9
Q

cell differentiation

A

process of specialization
new cells acquire the structure and function of cells they replace

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

a form of programmed cell death to eliminate unwanted cells

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11
Q

stem cells

A

reserve cells that remain quiescent until there is a need for cell replenishment
when stem cells divide, one daughter cell retains the stem cells characteristics, and the other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell that proceeds through the terminal differentiation

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12
Q

benign tumor naming

A

tissue name + “-oma”

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13
Q

malignant tumor in epithelial tissue

A

tissue name + “carcinoma”

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14
Q

Adenoma

A

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

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15
Q

adenocarcinoma

A

malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

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16
Q

carcinoma

A

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

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17
Q

osteoma

A

benign tumor of bone tissue

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18
Q

sarcoma

A

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

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19
Q

papillomas

A

benign microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections growing on a surface

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20
Q

benign neoplasms can cause death by

A

location

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21
Q

benign tumors are composed of

A

well differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of origin

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22
Q

benign tumor labs are normal because

A

it is the same tissue and do normal functions

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23
Q

benign tumors can kill/hurt you because of their location because they can

A

damage nearby organs by compressing them

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24
Q

malignant tumors do what to enzymes

A

liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue

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25
Q

in malignant tumors labs will be off because

A

the tissue type is abnormal and does not do normal functions

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26
Q

anaplasia

A

describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue

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27
Q

malignant neoplasms that are composed of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells are

A

anaplastic

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28
Q

growth properties

A

proliferate easily, no contact inhibition, anchorage independence, faulty cell to cell communication and immortal

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29
Q

cells divide when they are told to by

A

growth factor

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30
Q

a cell divides 30 times and contains more than 1 billion cells it is how big

A

1 cm

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31
Q

most cancers synthesis and secrete enzymes that

A

break down proteins and contribute to infiltration, invasion, and penetration of surrounding tissues

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32
Q

angiogenesis breaks down what key tissue compartment

A

basement membrane

33
Q

blue dye may be injected into a cancerous tumor why?

A

to see where the cancerous lymph drains to so testing can be done on that node

34
Q

liver and lungs are the most frequent metazoic sites for hematogenous spread why?

A

because those major organs are connected closely by major veins including the portal vein and the vena cava, which means spreading is more likely to occur since cancer in that site is so close to a moving system

35
Q

major etiologies of cancer

A

genetic and molecular, external factors

36
Q

porto-oncogenes are a normal gene that codes for

A

normal proteins used in cell division

37
Q

oncogenes are

A

mutated

38
Q

oncogenes create

A

cancer

39
Q

some examples of what oncogenes might produce

A

too much protein
an abnormal protein
protein that turns on all by itself
protein that is made when not needed
protein that cannot turn cell division off
protein that should be made by a different cell

40
Q

gene amplification may cause

A

over expression

41
Q

P53 is the most common target for

A

genetic alterations

42
Q

P53

A

helps code for health of cell, prevents damage

43
Q

you can have two pathways to cancer

A

accelerator or a brake

44
Q

accelerator in cancer means

A

increased production in something that is unneeded at that volume

45
Q

brake in cancer mean

A

a stoping in good material. Stopping of something preventing cancer

46
Q

benign tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated?

A

Differentiated

47
Q

malignant tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated

A

Undifferentiated

48
Q

when a well differentiated cell mutates is it more or less likely to become malignant?

A

less

49
Q

3 host and environmental factors that can cause cancer

A

heredity, hormones, obesity

50
Q

inflammatory cells release compounds such as

A

reactive oxygen species that promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage

51
Q

Susceptible organs

A

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, thyroid gland, prostate, urinary bladder, pleura, skin

52
Q

why do malignant tumors usually cause a reduction in the amount of hormones the affected organ produces

A

organ damage, inflammation of the organ, organ failure

53
Q

cachexia is driven by

A

cytokines

54
Q

cancer cells produce

A

hormones or hormone like proteins

55
Q

ADH syndrome if inappropriate ADH

A

decrease in Na

56
Q

ACTH

A

Cushing syndrome

57
Q

PTH related protein

A

hypercalcemia

58
Q

cancer cells produce proteins that affect

A

clotting

59
Q

someone with cancer may have an increased number of

A

clots

60
Q

clots like DVT could be the first symptom for

A

cancer

61
Q

tumor markers are

A

that are expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumor

62
Q

TNM classification T

A

tumor

63
Q

TNM classification N

A

Nodes

64
Q

TNM classification M

A

metastasis

65
Q

goals of cancer treatment

A

curative, control, palliative

66
Q

cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death after

A

cardiovascular disease

67
Q

cancer is a disorder of

A

altered cell differentiation and growth

68
Q

stem cells are self

A

renewal

69
Q

lipoma

A

benign tumor of fat

70
Q

leiomyoma

A

benign tumor of smooth muscle

71
Q

malignant tumors do not have clear

A

boundaries

72
Q

two categories of malignant tumors is

A

solid and hematologic

73
Q

oncogenesis 3 stages

A

initiation, promotion, progression

74
Q

oncogenesis initiation

A

initial mutation occurs

75
Q

oncogenesis promotion

A

mutated cells are stimulated to divide

76
Q

oncogenesis progression

A

tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive

77
Q

chronic infalmmation is a important factor in

A

development of cancer

78
Q

manifestations of cancer

A

tissue integrity-compressed and eroded blood vessels, ulceration, changes in organ failure, nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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