Chapter 6 Flashcards
Neoplasia
process of ‘new growth’
neoplasms proliferate to form
new tissue
neoplasia ignore signals to stop
Dividing
neoplasia often do not mature normally (differentiate) meaning
they do not do the job they are supposed to do
neoplasia do not go through
apoptosis
cancer is caused by
decreased in immune system
neoplasia is relatively
autonomous
cell proliferation
process of cell division
inherent adaptive mechanism for replacing body cells
cell differentiation
process of specialization
new cells acquire the structure and function of cells they replace
Apoptosis
a form of programmed cell death to eliminate unwanted cells
stem cells
reserve cells that remain quiescent until there is a need for cell replenishment
when stem cells divide, one daughter cell retains the stem cells characteristics, and the other daughter cell becomes a progenitor cell that proceeds through the terminal differentiation
benign tumor naming
tissue name + “-oma”
malignant tumor in epithelial tissue
tissue name + “carcinoma”
Adenoma
benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue
adenocarcinoma
malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue
carcinoma
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
osteoma
benign tumor of bone tissue
sarcoma
malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin
papillomas
benign microscopic or macroscopic finger like projections growing on a surface
benign neoplasms can cause death by
location
benign tumors are composed of
well differentiated cells that resemble the cells of the tissue of origin
benign tumor labs are normal because
it is the same tissue and do normal functions
benign tumors can kill/hurt you because of their location because they can
damage nearby organs by compressing them
malignant tumors do what to enzymes
liberate enzymes and toxins that destroy tumor tissue and normal tissue
in malignant tumors labs will be off because
the tissue type is abnormal and does not do normal functions
anaplasia
describes the loss of cell differentiation in cancerous tissue
malignant neoplasms that are composed of poorly differentiated or undifferentiated cells are
anaplastic
growth properties
proliferate easily, no contact inhibition, anchorage independence, faulty cell to cell communication and immortal
cells divide when they are told to by
growth factor
a cell divides 30 times and contains more than 1 billion cells it is how big
1 cm
most cancers synthesis and secrete enzymes that
break down proteins and contribute to infiltration, invasion, and penetration of surrounding tissues
angiogenesis breaks down what key tissue compartment
basement membrane
blue dye may be injected into a cancerous tumor why?
to see where the cancerous lymph drains to so testing can be done on that node
liver and lungs are the most frequent metazoic sites for hematogenous spread why?
because those major organs are connected closely by major veins including the portal vein and the vena cava, which means spreading is more likely to occur since cancer in that site is so close to a moving system
major etiologies of cancer
genetic and molecular, external factors
porto-oncogenes are a normal gene that codes for
normal proteins used in cell division
oncogenes are
mutated
oncogenes create
cancer
some examples of what oncogenes might produce
too much protein
an abnormal protein
protein that turns on all by itself
protein that is made when not needed
protein that cannot turn cell division off
protein that should be made by a different cell
gene amplification may cause
over expression
P53 is the most common target for
genetic alterations
P53
helps code for health of cell, prevents damage
you can have two pathways to cancer
accelerator or a brake
accelerator in cancer means
increased production in something that is unneeded at that volume
brake in cancer mean
a stoping in good material. Stopping of something preventing cancer
benign tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated?
Differentiated
malignant tumors are differentiated or undifferentiated
Undifferentiated
when a well differentiated cell mutates is it more or less likely to become malignant?
less
3 host and environmental factors that can cause cancer
heredity, hormones, obesity
inflammatory cells release compounds such as
reactive oxygen species that promote mutations and block the cellular response to DNA damage
Susceptible organs
Gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas, thyroid gland, prostate, urinary bladder, pleura, skin
why do malignant tumors usually cause a reduction in the amount of hormones the affected organ produces
organ damage, inflammation of the organ, organ failure
cachexia is driven by
cytokines
cancer cells produce
hormones or hormone like proteins
ADH syndrome if inappropriate ADH
decrease in Na
ACTH
Cushing syndrome
PTH related protein
hypercalcemia
cancer cells produce proteins that affect
clotting
someone with cancer may have an increased number of
clots
clots like DVT could be the first symptom for
cancer
tumor markers are
that are expressed on the surface of tumor cells or substances released from normal cells in response to the presence of tumor
TNM classification T
tumor
TNM classification N
Nodes
TNM classification M
metastasis
goals of cancer treatment
curative, control, palliative
cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death after
cardiovascular disease
cancer is a disorder of
altered cell differentiation and growth
stem cells are self
renewal
lipoma
benign tumor of fat
leiomyoma
benign tumor of smooth muscle
malignant tumors do not have clear
boundaries
two categories of malignant tumors is
solid and hematologic
oncogenesis 3 stages
initiation, promotion, progression
oncogenesis initiation
initial mutation occurs
oncogenesis promotion
mutated cells are stimulated to divide
oncogenesis progression
tumor cells compete with one another and develop more mutations which make them more aggressive
chronic infalmmation is a important factor in
development of cancer
manifestations of cancer
tissue integrity-compressed and eroded blood vessels, ulceration, changes in organ failure, nonspecific signs of tissue breakdown
