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Pathophysiology > Chapter 10-12 > Flashcards

Chapter 10-12 Flashcards

1
Q

host

A

any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another

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2
Q

infection

A

the presence and multiplication of a living organism on or within the host

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3
Q

infection depends on

A

host health and virulence of organism

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4
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

capable of producing infectious disease when host defense are weakened

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5
Q

the mouth and pharynx contain

A

many species of bateria

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6
Q

the vagina contains ____ producing bacteria

A

acid

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7
Q

colonization

A

act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out

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8
Q

infection

A

describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to the host

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9
Q

Prions

A

small modified infectious host protein without a genome

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10
Q

prions are extremley

A

resistive

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11
Q

prions can cause transmissible

A

neurodegenerative disease

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12
Q

prions method of replication is

A

not understood

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13
Q

prion spreads

A

within the axons of the nerve cell causing progressively greater damage to the host neurons

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14
Q

example of prions disease

A

Creutzfeldt-Jakob

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15
Q

prions lack reproductive and metabolic functions so current antimicrobials are

A

useless

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16
Q

viruses

A

smallest intracellular pathogen, incapable of replication outside of a living cell

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17
Q

nosocomial acquired

A

acquired in the hosptial

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18
Q

toxins

A

destroy or alter normal cell function; trait chiefly monopolized by bacteria

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19
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins released by bacteria during cell growth

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20
Q

exotoxin disease example

A

Hensons Disease

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21
Q

endotoxins

A

initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome

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22
Q

small amounts of endotoxins can cause life altering

A

cascades

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23
Q

adhesion factors

A

affects ability to colonize host

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24
Q

evasive factors

A

evade hosts immune system

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25
Q

invasive factors

A

facilitate penetration

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26
Q

colonized can turn into

A

infection

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27
Q

infection leads to

A

inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent

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28
Q

when inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent you have 2 routes

A

specific and nonspecific

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29
Q

specific route of infection

A

signs and symptoms of LOCAL damage and inflammation

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30
Q

nonspecific route of infection

A

signs and symptoms of SYSTEMIC inflammation

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31
Q

-itis

A

means inflammation

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32
Q

-emia

A

means in the blood

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33
Q

sepsis/septicemia

A

bacterial toxins in the blood

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34
Q

incubation stage

A

active replication

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35
Q

prodromal stage

A

initial symptom apperance

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36
Q

acute stage

A

maximum infection impact

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37
Q

convalescent stage

A

containment and repair

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38
Q

resolution stage

A

no residual signs and symptoms of the disease

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39
Q

how can you tell if someone has an infection

A

SHIFT TO THE LEFT

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40
Q

what is a shift to the left

A

increase IMMATURE white blood cells

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41
Q

immunity

A

protection from disease

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42
Q

immunity essential aspect is the

A

ability to recognize foreign cells and non self substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body

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43
Q

innate immunity consists of

A

epithelial barriers, phagocytosis, NK cells, complement

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44
Q

innate immunity is

A

physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place

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45
Q

adaptive/specific immunity consists of

A

humoral immunity (B lymphocytes) Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)

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46
Q

adaptive/specific immunity is is less rapid but

A

more effetive

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47
Q

cytokines are short or long acting?

A

short

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48
Q

cytokines are an essential component of host ________

A

defense

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49
Q

cytokines have primary means with which innate and adaptive immunity cells _______

A

communicate

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50
Q

cytokines are made by and act on

A

immune cells

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51
Q

excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with

A

septic shock, food poisoning and cancer

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52
Q

cytokines 2 kinds

A

chemokine and colony stimulating factor

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53
Q

chemokines

A

attract WBCs to the infection

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54
Q

colony stimulating factors

A

stimulate WBCs to divide and mature

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55
Q

cytokines can mediate infammation by producing ______ and the acute phase response and by attracting and activating ________, cytokines are also maturation factors for the _______ of white or red blood cells

A

fever, phagocytes, hematopoiesis

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56
Q

innate immunity is always

A

present

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57
Q

innate immunity attacks

A

non self microbes

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58
Q

innate immunity does not distinguish between different

A

microbes

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59
Q

innate immunity mechanisms include

A

epithelial barriers, neutrophils, macrophages, dentritic (bridge) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators including acute phase proteins, complement system

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60
Q

natural killer cells are part of what system

A

innate

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61
Q

NK cells is programmed to automatically

A

kill foreign cells

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62
Q

CD+8 must be ________ to become _______

A

activated, cytotoxic

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63
Q

natural killer cells are inhibited by

A

contact with MHC self moleules

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64
Q

NK cells kill on

A

contact

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65
Q

inflammatory cytokines influence the events of inflammation and innate immunity by producing

A

chemotaxis, inhibiting viral replication and stimulating acute phase proteins

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66
Q

complement system is a mediator of

A

innate and adaptive immunity

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67
Q

complement system is essential for the activity of

A

antibodies

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68
Q

when an antibody attaches to an antigen the resulting immune complex can activate

A

complement

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69
Q

innate immunity is nonspecific meaning

A

it can distinguish between self and non self but cannot distinguish one type of pathogen to another

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70
Q

first line resistance is

A

epithelial layers

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71
Q

second line resistance involves

A

chemical signals, antimicrobial substances, phagocytic and natural killer cells and fever

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72
Q

toll like receptors

A

tag the pathogen so the immune system can “see” them distinct from self cells

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73
Q

innate immune system protects against microbial agents but may also play a role in

A

pathogenesis of diease

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74
Q

low grade inflammation and activation of innate system may play a role in

A

atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, type II DM, RA, MS, SLE

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75
Q

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes belong to what immunity

A

adaptive

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76
Q

B lymphocytes

A

humoral immunity (antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen)

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77
Q

T lymphocytes

A

cell mediated immunity (phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen)

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78
Q

adaptive immunity develops during an

A

individuals life time

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79
Q

adaptive distinguishes

A

self from non self

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80
Q

adaptive immunity responds specifically to

A

different pathogens

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81
Q

adaptive immunity uses

A

memory

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82
Q

memory is

A

evolutionary response

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83
Q

memory allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a

A

heightened repsonse

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84
Q

antigens

A

substances foreign to the host

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85
Q

antigens can stimulate

A

immune responses

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86
Q

antigens are recognizes by receptors on ______ __ and by proteins called _______ or _______ that are generated in response to antigen

A

immune cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins

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87
Q

antigens can be on

A

transplanted organs

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88
Q

antigens degrade into smaller

A

peptides

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89
Q

active sites on antigens are called

A

epitopes

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90
Q

epitopes are recognized by a specific receptor found on the surface of the

A

lymphocyte or antibody

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91
Q

stem cells come from the

A

bone marrow or fetal liver

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92
Q

B cells mature in the

A

bone marrow

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93
Q

T cells mature in the

A

thymus

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94
Q

b and T cells move to the _____ ___ and wait for activation

A

lymph nodes

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95
Q

T lympocytes is what kind of immuity

A

cell mediated

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96
Q

t lymphocytes function in the activation of other T cells and B cells, control ____ _______, rejection of _____ _____ _____ and delayed ________ reactions

A

viral infections, foreign tissue, hypersensitivity reactions

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97
Q

two types of t cells

A

CD+4 and CD+8

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98
Q

CD4+

A

helper T cell

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99
Q

CD8+

A

molecules or cytotoxic T cells

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100
Q

CD4+ helper cels enhance the response of other

A

T and B cells

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101
Q

CD8+ kill

A

virus infected cells

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102
Q

Clusters of Differentiation (CD) delineates surface proteins that define a particular cell type or stage of cell differentiation and are recognized by

A

“cluster” or group of antibodies

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103
Q

CD serves to define functionally

A

distinct subsets or cells such as CD4+ and CD8+

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104
Q

CD4+ helper T cell serves as a master switch for the

A

immune system

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105
Q

HIV that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infects and destroys the

A

CD4+ helper T cell

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106
Q

Antigen presenting cells (ACP) tell the immune system

A

what to attack

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107
Q

ACPs eat the invading antigen and break it down into pieces called

A

epitopes

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108
Q

then the ACPs put the epitopes on the

A

cell surface, attached to MHC II proteins

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109
Q

MCH

A

major histocompatibility complex moleule

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110
Q

MCH moleules are used by the immune cells to differentiate

A

host tissue from foreign tissue

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111
Q

MCH are found on all

A

host tissues

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112
Q

for the adaptive immune response to function properly it must be able to discriminate between

A

molecules that are native to the body and those that are foreign or harmful to the body

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113
Q

when completing tissue typing you match the

A

HLA/MCH to the person waiting for the tissue

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114
Q

Human MCH proteins are called

A

human leukocytes antigens (HLA) because they were first detected on WBC

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115
Q

class I and II MCH genes are closely linked on one chromosome and usually

A

inherited as one unit

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116
Q

identification or typing og HLA molecules important in

A

transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluation

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117
Q

mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and enter circulation and migrate to

A

peripheral lymphoid tissue where they are stimulated to respond to a specific antigen

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118
Q

Activated B cell differentiates into a

A

plasma cell which can produce thousands of antibodies

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119
Q

immunoglobulins or antibodies are secreted proteins of B lymphocytes that function as

A

antigen receptors

120
Q

immunoglobulins are classified into

A

5 classes

121
Q

IgG is the ____ abundant

A

most

122
Q

IgG is the only one to

A

cross the placenta

123
Q

IgG is transferred to the fetus when?

A

last weeks of pregnancy

124
Q

IgG functions

A

against viruses, toxins, bacteria, responsible for the protection of newborn, activates the complement system and binds to macrophages

125
Q

who are at the highest risk for low levels of IgG

A

premature infants

126
Q

only T cells able to distinguish between foregin and self are allowed to leave and

A

mature

127
Q

mature immunocompetent T cells leave the thymus in ____ days and enter the peripheral lymphoid tissue

A

2-3

128
Q

lymph nodes

A

remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream and serves as center for proliferation if immune cells; APC in nodes sample the lymph

129
Q

spleen

A

filters antigens and involved in immune response

130
Q

red pulp destroys senescent and

A

injured RBC

131
Q

white pulp contains

A

concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes

132
Q

which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens

A

B lymphocytes

133
Q

active immunity

A

specific protection induced following exposure to antigens

134
Q

example of active immunity

A

vaccines

135
Q

passive immunity

A

specific protection induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen, transferred from another source

136
Q

passive immunity example

A

IgG from mother to baby

137
Q

where is IgA found

A

in colostrum (breastmilk)

138
Q

primary immune response steps

A

antigen presented on MHC-II
t helper cells activated
B cell proliferation and differentiation
plasma cells produce antibodies
memory B cells for secondary response

139
Q

in primary immune response the plasma antibody levels

A

rise

140
Q

primary immune response can take

A

2-3 weeks

141
Q

examples of primary immune response

A

vaccine

142
Q

secondary immune response uses

A

memory b cells

143
Q

in secondary immune response what cells respond immediately

A

memory b cells

144
Q

in secondary immune response plasma antibodies levels rise within

A

days

145
Q

example of secondary immune response

A

booster shots

146
Q

which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen

A

acquired immunity

147
Q

active immunity is achieved through

A

exposure to a specific antigen, acquired through immunization or actually having a disease, long lasting but requires a few days to weeks to develop

148
Q

passive immunity is achieved through

A

transfer from one source to another, infant receives from mother in utero and in breast milk

149
Q

passive immunity can also be

A

artificially provides

150
Q

passive immunity artificially provided example

A

transfer of antibodies

151
Q

TF a vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity

A

T

152
Q

you have a biological clock in your

A

T cells

153
Q

vaccination may be less successful in inducing immunization in

A

elderly people

154
Q

passive immunity is active

A

right away

155
Q

hypersensitivity is defined as

A

exaggerated immune response

156
Q

type I IgE mediated disorders is an immediate reactions triggered by

A

binding of an allergen to a specific IgE that is found on the surface of mast cells or basophils

157
Q

mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent _______, like ________, acetylcholine, adenosine, chemotactic mediators

A

mediators, histamine

158
Q

type I IgE has sysematic

A

anaphylactic reactions

159
Q

localized atopic disorders of type I IgE are

A

allergic rhinitis and food allergies

160
Q

anaphylaxis is a systemic response to the

A

inflammatory mediators released in type I hypersensitivity

161
Q

histamine, acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause

A

vasodilation

162
Q

acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause

A

bronchoconstriction

163
Q

2 phases of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

primary/inital phase response
secondary/late phase response

164
Q

primary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

vasodilation, vasular leakage, smooth muscle contration

165
Q

secondary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity

A

more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
tissue destruction in the form of epithelial cell damage

166
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity atopic disorder

A

heredity predisposition and production of local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents

167
Q

atopic disorder is commonly causes

A

allergic reaction

168
Q

atopic disorder is systemic or

A

anaphylactic reactions

169
Q

TF when mast cells degranulate, histamine is released

A

true

170
Q

autoimmune diseases is failure of

A

self tolerance

171
Q

patients who suffer from autoimmune disease have

A

hyperactive immune systems

172
Q

AIDS is an example of _______ immunodeficiency

A

acquired

173
Q

AIDS has a low occupational hazard meaning

A

low risk to healthcare providers

174
Q

HIV infected person can transmit when

A

no symptoms are present

175
Q

HIV seroconversion occurs from ____ months but may take up to __

A

2-3, 6

176
Q

seroconversion

A

immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear

177
Q

AIDs pathophysiology

A

carry genetic information in RNA and infect CD4+ T helper cells

178
Q

phases of HIV infection

A

primary, latent, overt

179
Q

primary infection phase of AIDs

A

signs of systemic infection, seroconversion

180
Q

latent period-chronic asymptomatic of AIDS

A

virus is replicating, TH cell count gradually falls, may last 10-11 years or longer

181
Q

overt AIDS

A

TH cell count <200 cells/mL or aids defining illness

182
Q

aids mainifestations

A

opportunistic infections, HIV associated neurocognitive disorders, malignancies, wasting syndrome, metabolic disordes

183
Q

opportunistic infections examples

A

respiratory-PCP, pneumonia and TB, GI-esophageal candidiasis, CMV, herpes, and diarrhea due to cryptosporidium parvum

184
Q

HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDS) examples

A

dementia, impairment

185
Q

malignancies examples

A

Kaposis sarcoma (malignancy of the endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and non Hodgkin Lymphoma

186
Q

Metabolic disorders examples

A

lipodystrophy

187
Q

chronic or typical progressors of AIDs

A

7-10 years

188
Q

rapid progressors

A

2-3 years

189
Q

long term non progressors

A

asymptomatic after 10 years

190
Q

elite controllers

A

plasma HIV RNA levels below detection

191
Q

AIDS can be transferred to baby by mother

A

by in the utero, during labor and delivery and breast milk

192
Q

PCR test

A

test done on baby to see if AIDS positive, 2x positive confirms HIV diagnosis in baby

193
Q

colonization

A

act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out

194
Q

infection

A

describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to host

195
Q

prions

A

small modified infectious host proteins without a genome, transmissive neurodegenerative diseases, extremely resistive

196
Q

prions spreads within the

A

axons of the nerve cell

197
Q

example of prion disease

A

Creutzfeld-Jakob

198
Q

why are current antimicrobials useless when it comes to prions

A

they lack reproductive and metabolic functuons

199
Q

nosocomial is acquired in the

A

hospital

200
Q

exotoxins

A

proteins released by bacteria cell during growth

201
Q

endotoxins

A

can initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome

202
Q

specific: signs and symptoms of

A

local damage and inflammation

203
Q

nonspecific: signs and symptoms of

A

systemic inflammation

204
Q

-itis

A

inflammation

205
Q

-emia

A

in the blood

206
Q

sepsis/septicemia

A

bacteria toxins in the blood

207
Q

incubation stage

A

active replication

208
Q

prodromal stage

A

initial symptom appearance

209
Q

actue stage

A

maximum infection impact

210
Q

convalescent stage

A

containment and repair

211
Q

resolution stage

A

no residual S&S of disease

212
Q

essential aspect of immunity is the ability to recognize

A

foregin cells and non self substances and distinguishing them from self moleules that are native to the body

213
Q

innate immunity can also be called

A

natural or native

214
Q

adaptive immunity can also be called

A

specific or aquired

215
Q

innate immunity is

A

faster and nonspecific

216
Q

adaptive immunity is

A

slower, specific and more effective

217
Q

what immunity is more effective than innate

A

adaptive

218
Q

innate immunity consists of

A

physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place

219
Q

excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with

A

septic shock, food poisoning and cancer

220
Q

cytokines mediate

A

immune responses

221
Q

chemokins

A

attract WBC to the infection

222
Q

Colony stimulating factors

A

stimulate WBCs to divide and mature

223
Q

innate immunity is

A

natrual

224
Q

innate immunity consists of

A

epithelial barriers, natural killer cells

225
Q

complement system is mediator of

A

innate and adaptive

226
Q

3 phases of complement system

A

initiation/activation
amplification of inflammation
late stage membrane attack response

227
Q

innate first line is

A

epithelial

228
Q

innate second line is

A

chemical signals

229
Q

what immunity system starts first

A

innate

230
Q

adaptive immunity attacks

A

specific microbes

231
Q

B cells and T cells are part of what immunity

A

adaptive

232
Q

B lymphocytes/B cells

A

Humoral immunity

233
Q

T lymphocytes/T cells

A

cell mediated immunity

234
Q

_______ is an evolutionary response which allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a heightened response

A

memory

235
Q

antigens can come from

A

transplanted organs

236
Q

the active sites on antigens are called

A

epitopes

237
Q

B cells mature in the

A

Bone marrow

238
Q

T cells mature in the

A

Thymus

239
Q

B cells and T cells then move to the _________ to wait for activation

A

lymph nodes

240
Q

T cells function

A

activation of other T cells and B cells, control viral infections, rejection of foregin tissue grafts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions

241
Q

two types of T cells

A

CD 4 and CD8

242
Q

what T cell is the helper T cell

A

CD 4

243
Q

CD 4 serves as the

A

master switch for the immune system

244
Q

HIV and AIDs infects and destroys the

A

CD4 helper T cell

245
Q

MHC moleules is for what immune system

A

adaptive

246
Q

MCH helps discriminate between

A

molecules that are native to the body and those that are foregin

247
Q

MCH is the thing that makes us humans

A

different from one another

248
Q

Why are MCH called human leukocyte antigens (HLA)

A

because they were first detected on WBC

249
Q

identification or typing of HLA moleules is important in

A

transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluations

250
Q

B cells differentiate into ________ cell which can produce thousands of ___________

A

plasma, antibodies

251
Q

IgG:
displays anti_____, anti_____, and anti_______ properties
responsible for the protection of __________
activates _________
binds to ________

A

viral, toxin, bacteria, newborn, complement, macrophages

252
Q

spleen filters _______ and involved in ________ response

A

antigen, immune

253
Q

why would a patient who had a spleenectomy after trauma would be given a vaccine?

A

no spleen and cannot filter antigens, they are immune comprimised

254
Q

which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens

A

b cell

255
Q

getting a vaccine is

A

active immunity

256
Q

mom to baby is

A

passive immunity

257
Q

IgA is found in

A

breast milk (colostrum)

258
Q

getting gamma globulin for exposure to HIV via IV is

A

passive

259
Q

getting a booster shot is

A

active

260
Q

getting the disease is

A

active

261
Q

vaccination produces a

A

primary immune response

262
Q

primary immune response can take how long

A

2-3 weeks

263
Q

secondary immune respons eis

A

active

264
Q

booster shots are a _________ immune

A

secondary

265
Q

in secondary immune response what cells response to the antigen immediately

A

memory B cells

266
Q

maternal IgG decreases during the

A

first 3-6 months

267
Q

passive immunity is effective

A

right away

268
Q

type one immune disorder is over what

A

IgE

269
Q

in type 1 IgE immediate reactions are triggered by binding of an allergen to

A

a specific IgE

270
Q

IgE is found on the surface of

A

mast cells or basophils

271
Q

mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent mediators like histamine which causes

A

vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor

272
Q

type 1 IgE systemic ________ reactions

A

anaphylactic

273
Q

type 1 IgE localized atopic disorders

A

allergic rhinitis and food allergies

274
Q

anaphylaxis is the systemic response to the ___________ __________ released in type 1 hypersensitivity

A

inflammatory mediators

275
Q

key inflammatory mediators in anaphylaxis

A

vasodilation and bronchoconstriction

276
Q

primary/initial phase response consist of

A

vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contaction

277
Q

secondary/late phase response consists of

A

tissue destruction (epithelial cell damage) more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells

278
Q

atopic disorders is commonly called

A

allergic reactions

279
Q

atopic disorders are systemic or

A

anaphylactic reactions

280
Q

atopic disorders have local atopic reactions

A

urticaria (hives), rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma

281
Q

tuberculin test is a type

A

IV

282
Q

Type IV is a cel ________ immune response

A

mediated

283
Q

Type Iv is a _______ type of hypersensitivity

A

delayed

284
Q

autoimmune diseases are caused by

A

failure of self recognition

285
Q

example of acquired immunodeficiency

A

AIDS

286
Q

occupation hazard is ___ with AIDs

A

low

287
Q

HIV person can transmit when no symptoms are present, seroconversion occurs from 1-3 moths but may take up to 6, what is seroconversion

A

test shows negative but person is actually positive

288
Q

Latent period/chronic asymtomatic may last

A

10-11 years

289
Q

overt AIDs: TH cell count <_____ cells/Ml or _______-_______ __________

A

200, aids defining illness

290
Q

some examples if AIDS manifestaions

A

Respiratory PCP, dementia, Wasting

291
Q

chronic or typical progressors

A

after 7-10 years

292
Q

rapid progressors

A

within 2-3 years

293
Q

long term nonprogressors

A

asymptomatic after 10 years

294
Q

elite controller

A

plasma HIV RNA levels below detection

295
Q

transmission from mother to baby of AIDs can occur in

A

utero, during labor, delivery and in breast milk

296
Q

what immunity develops after exposure to specific antigen

A

adaptive

297
Q

Aids defining illness examples

A

wasting syndrome, HANDS, PCP, Kaposi’s sarcoma

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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