Chapter 10-12 Flashcards
host
any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirements of another
infection
the presence and multiplication of a living organism on or within the host
infection depends on
host health and virulence of organism
opportunistic pathogen
capable of producing infectious disease when host defense are weakened
the mouth and pharynx contain
many species of bateria
the vagina contains ____ producing bacteria
acid
colonization
act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out
infection
describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to the host
Prions
small modified infectious host protein without a genome
prions are extremley
resistive
prions can cause transmissible
neurodegenerative disease
prions method of replication is
not understood
prion spreads
within the axons of the nerve cell causing progressively greater damage to the host neurons
example of prions disease
Creutzfeldt-Jakob
prions lack reproductive and metabolic functions so current antimicrobials are
useless
viruses
smallest intracellular pathogen, incapable of replication outside of a living cell
nosocomial acquired
acquired in the hosptial
toxins
destroy or alter normal cell function; trait chiefly monopolized by bacteria
exotoxins
proteins released by bacteria during cell growth
exotoxin disease example
Hensons Disease
endotoxins
initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome
small amounts of endotoxins can cause life altering
cascades
adhesion factors
affects ability to colonize host
evasive factors
evade hosts immune system
invasive factors
facilitate penetration
colonized can turn into
infection
infection leads to
inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent
when inflammatory and immune responses attack infective agent you have 2 routes
specific and nonspecific
specific route of infection
signs and symptoms of LOCAL damage and inflammation
nonspecific route of infection
signs and symptoms of SYSTEMIC inflammation
-itis
means inflammation
-emia
means in the blood
sepsis/septicemia
bacterial toxins in the blood
incubation stage
active replication
prodromal stage
initial symptom apperance
acute stage
maximum infection impact
convalescent stage
containment and repair
resolution stage
no residual signs and symptoms of the disease
how can you tell if someone has an infection
SHIFT TO THE LEFT
what is a shift to the left
increase IMMATURE white blood cells
immunity
protection from disease
immunity essential aspect is the
ability to recognize foreign cells and non self substances, distinguishing them from self molecules that are native to the body
innate immunity consists of
epithelial barriers, phagocytosis, NK cells, complement
innate immunity is
physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place
adaptive/specific immunity consists of
humoral immunity (B lymphocytes) Cell-mediated immunity (T lymphocytes)
adaptive/specific immunity is is less rapid but
more effetive
cytokines are short or long acting?
short
cytokines are an essential component of host ________
defense
cytokines have primary means with which innate and adaptive immunity cells _______
communicate
cytokines are made by and act on
immune cells
excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with
septic shock, food poisoning and cancer
cytokines 2 kinds
chemokine and colony stimulating factor
chemokines
attract WBCs to the infection
colony stimulating factors
stimulate WBCs to divide and mature
cytokines can mediate infammation by producing ______ and the acute phase response and by attracting and activating ________, cytokines are also maturation factors for the _______ of white or red blood cells
fever, phagocytes, hematopoiesis
innate immunity is always
present
innate immunity attacks
non self microbes
innate immunity does not distinguish between different
microbes
innate immunity mechanisms include
epithelial barriers, neutrophils, macrophages, dentritic (bridge) cells, natural killer (NK) cells, pathogen recognition, soluble mediators including acute phase proteins, complement system
natural killer cells are part of what system
innate
NK cells is programmed to automatically
kill foreign cells
CD+8 must be ________ to become _______
activated, cytotoxic
natural killer cells are inhibited by
contact with MHC self moleules
NK cells kill on
contact
inflammatory cytokines influence the events of inflammation and innate immunity by producing
chemotaxis, inhibiting viral replication and stimulating acute phase proteins
complement system is a mediator of
innate and adaptive immunity
complement system is essential for the activity of
antibodies
when an antibody attaches to an antigen the resulting immune complex can activate
complement
innate immunity is nonspecific meaning
it can distinguish between self and non self but cannot distinguish one type of pathogen to another
first line resistance is
epithelial layers
second line resistance involves
chemical signals, antimicrobial substances, phagocytic and natural killer cells and fever
toll like receptors
tag the pathogen so the immune system can “see” them distinct from self cells
innate immune system protects against microbial agents but may also play a role in
pathogenesis of diease
low grade inflammation and activation of innate system may play a role in
atherosclerosis/coronary artery disease, bronchial asthma, type II DM, RA, MS, SLE
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes belong to what immunity
adaptive
B lymphocytes
humoral immunity (antibody proteins in the blood that attack the specific antigen)
T lymphocytes
cell mediated immunity (phagocytic cells that attack the specific antigen)
adaptive immunity develops during an
individuals life time
adaptive distinguishes
self from non self
adaptive immunity responds specifically to
different pathogens
adaptive immunity uses
memory
memory is
evolutionary response
memory allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a
heightened repsonse
antigens
substances foreign to the host
antigens can stimulate
immune responses
antigens are recognizes by receptors on ______ __ and by proteins called _______ or _______ that are generated in response to antigen
immune cells, antibodies, immunoglobulins
antigens can be on
transplanted organs
antigens degrade into smaller
peptides
active sites on antigens are called
epitopes
epitopes are recognized by a specific receptor found on the surface of the
lymphocyte or antibody
stem cells come from the
bone marrow or fetal liver
B cells mature in the
bone marrow
T cells mature in the
thymus
b and T cells move to the _____ ___ and wait for activation
lymph nodes
T lympocytes is what kind of immuity
cell mediated
t lymphocytes function in the activation of other T cells and B cells, control ____ _______, rejection of _____ _____ _____ and delayed ________ reactions
viral infections, foreign tissue, hypersensitivity reactions
two types of t cells
CD+4 and CD+8
CD4+
helper T cell
CD8+
molecules or cytotoxic T cells
CD4+ helper cels enhance the response of other
T and B cells
CD8+ kill
virus infected cells
Clusters of Differentiation (CD) delineates surface proteins that define a particular cell type or stage of cell differentiation and are recognized by
“cluster” or group of antibodies
CD serves to define functionally
distinct subsets or cells such as CD4+ and CD8+
CD4+ helper T cell serves as a master switch for the
immune system
HIV that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome infects and destroys the
CD4+ helper T cell
Antigen presenting cells (ACP) tell the immune system
what to attack
ACPs eat the invading antigen and break it down into pieces called
epitopes
then the ACPs put the epitopes on the
cell surface, attached to MHC II proteins
MCH
major histocompatibility complex moleule
MCH moleules are used by the immune cells to differentiate
host tissue from foreign tissue
MCH are found on all
host tissues
for the adaptive immune response to function properly it must be able to discriminate between
molecules that are native to the body and those that are foreign or harmful to the body
when completing tissue typing you match the
HLA/MCH to the person waiting for the tissue
Human MCH proteins are called
human leukocytes antigens (HLA) because they were first detected on WBC
class I and II MCH genes are closely linked on one chromosome and usually
inherited as one unit
identification or typing og HLA molecules important in
transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluation
mature B lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and enter circulation and migrate to
peripheral lymphoid tissue where they are stimulated to respond to a specific antigen
Activated B cell differentiates into a
plasma cell which can produce thousands of antibodies
immunoglobulins or antibodies are secreted proteins of B lymphocytes that function as
antigen receptors
immunoglobulins are classified into
5 classes
IgG is the ____ abundant
most
IgG is the only one to
cross the placenta
IgG is transferred to the fetus when?
last weeks of pregnancy
IgG functions
against viruses, toxins, bacteria, responsible for the protection of newborn, activates the complement system and binds to macrophages
who are at the highest risk for low levels of IgG
premature infants
only T cells able to distinguish between foregin and self are allowed to leave and
mature
mature immunocompetent T cells leave the thymus in ____ days and enter the peripheral lymphoid tissue
2-3
lymph nodes
remove foreign material from lymph before it enters the blood stream and serves as center for proliferation if immune cells; APC in nodes sample the lymph
spleen
filters antigens and involved in immune response
red pulp destroys senescent and
injured RBC
white pulp contains
concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes
which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens
B lymphocytes
active immunity
specific protection induced following exposure to antigens
example of active immunity
vaccines
passive immunity
specific protection induced through transfer of protective antibodies against an antigen, transferred from another source
passive immunity example
IgG from mother to baby
where is IgA found
in colostrum (breastmilk)
primary immune response steps
antigen presented on MHC-II
t helper cells activated
B cell proliferation and differentiation
plasma cells produce antibodies
memory B cells for secondary response
in primary immune response the plasma antibody levels
rise
primary immune response can take
2-3 weeks
examples of primary immune response
vaccine
secondary immune response uses
memory b cells
in secondary immune response what cells respond immediately
memory b cells
in secondary immune response plasma antibodies levels rise within
days
example of secondary immune response
booster shots
which type of immunity is characterized by the development of a specific response to an antigen
acquired immunity
active immunity is achieved through
exposure to a specific antigen, acquired through immunization or actually having a disease, long lasting but requires a few days to weeks to develop
passive immunity is achieved through
transfer from one source to another, infant receives from mother in utero and in breast milk
passive immunity can also be
artificially provides
passive immunity artificially provided example
transfer of antibodies
TF a vaccination is an example of adaptive immunity
T
you have a biological clock in your
T cells
vaccination may be less successful in inducing immunization in
elderly people
passive immunity is active
right away
hypersensitivity is defined as
exaggerated immune response
type I IgE mediated disorders is an immediate reactions triggered by
binding of an allergen to a specific IgE that is found on the surface of mast cells or basophils
mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent _______, like ________, acetylcholine, adenosine, chemotactic mediators
mediators, histamine
type I IgE has sysematic
anaphylactic reactions
localized atopic disorders of type I IgE are
allergic rhinitis and food allergies
anaphylaxis is a systemic response to the
inflammatory mediators released in type I hypersensitivity
histamine, acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause
vasodilation
acetylcholine, kinins, leukotrienes and prostaglandins all cause
bronchoconstriction
2 phases of type 1 hypersensitivity
primary/inital phase response
secondary/late phase response
primary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity
vasodilation, vasular leakage, smooth muscle contration
secondary phase of type 1 hypersensitivity
more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
tissue destruction in the form of epithelial cell damage
type 1 hypersensitivity atopic disorder
heredity predisposition and production of local reaction to IgE antibodies produced in response to common environmental agents
atopic disorder is commonly causes
allergic reaction
atopic disorder is systemic or
anaphylactic reactions
TF when mast cells degranulate, histamine is released
true
autoimmune diseases is failure of
self tolerance
patients who suffer from autoimmune disease have
hyperactive immune systems
AIDS is an example of _______ immunodeficiency
acquired
AIDS has a low occupational hazard meaning
low risk to healthcare providers
HIV infected person can transmit when
no symptoms are present
HIV seroconversion occurs from ____ months but may take up to __
2-3, 6
seroconversion
immune system responds and antibodies against HIV appear
AIDs pathophysiology
carry genetic information in RNA and infect CD4+ T helper cells
phases of HIV infection
primary, latent, overt
primary infection phase of AIDs
signs of systemic infection, seroconversion
latent period-chronic asymptomatic of AIDS
virus is replicating, TH cell count gradually falls, may last 10-11 years or longer
overt AIDS
TH cell count <200 cells/mL or aids defining illness
aids mainifestations
opportunistic infections, HIV associated neurocognitive disorders, malignancies, wasting syndrome, metabolic disordes
opportunistic infections examples
respiratory-PCP, pneumonia and TB, GI-esophageal candidiasis, CMV, herpes, and diarrhea due to cryptosporidium parvum
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HANDS) examples
dementia, impairment
malignancies examples
Kaposis sarcoma (malignancy of the endothelial cells lining small blood vessels and non Hodgkin Lymphoma
Metabolic disorders examples
lipodystrophy
chronic or typical progressors of AIDs
7-10 years
rapid progressors
2-3 years
long term non progressors
asymptomatic after 10 years
elite controllers
plasma HIV RNA levels below detection
AIDS can be transferred to baby by mother
by in the utero, during labor and delivery and breast milk
PCR test
test done on baby to see if AIDS positive, 2x positive confirms HIV diagnosis in baby
colonization
act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection, organisms are hanging out
infection
describes the presence and multiplication within another living organism with subsequent injury to host
prions
small modified infectious host proteins without a genome, transmissive neurodegenerative diseases, extremely resistive
prions spreads within the
axons of the nerve cell
example of prion disease
Creutzfeld-Jakob
why are current antimicrobials useless when it comes to prions
they lack reproductive and metabolic functuons
nosocomial is acquired in the
hospital
exotoxins
proteins released by bacteria cell during growth
endotoxins
can initiate septic shock, DIC and acute respiratory distress syndrome
specific: signs and symptoms of
local damage and inflammation
nonspecific: signs and symptoms of
systemic inflammation
-itis
inflammation
-emia
in the blood
sepsis/septicemia
bacteria toxins in the blood
incubation stage
active replication
prodromal stage
initial symptom appearance
actue stage
maximum infection impact
convalescent stage
containment and repair
resolution stage
no residual S&S of disease
essential aspect of immunity is the ability to recognize
foregin cells and non self substances and distinguishing them from self moleules that are native to the body
innate immunity can also be called
natural or native
adaptive immunity can also be called
specific or aquired
innate immunity is
faster and nonspecific
adaptive immunity is
slower, specific and more effective
what immunity is more effective than innate
adaptive
innate immunity consists of
physical, chemical, molecular and cellular defenses in place
excess cytokines can have serious adverse effects associated with
septic shock, food poisoning and cancer
cytokines mediate
immune responses
chemokins
attract WBC to the infection
Colony stimulating factors
stimulate WBCs to divide and mature
innate immunity is
natrual
innate immunity consists of
epithelial barriers, natural killer cells
complement system is mediator of
innate and adaptive
3 phases of complement system
initiation/activation
amplification of inflammation
late stage membrane attack response
innate first line is
epithelial
innate second line is
chemical signals
what immunity system starts first
innate
adaptive immunity attacks
specific microbes
B cells and T cells are part of what immunity
adaptive
B lymphocytes/B cells
Humoral immunity
T lymphocytes/T cells
cell mediated immunity
_______ is an evolutionary response which allows the immune system to recall and quickly produce a heightened response
memory
antigens can come from
transplanted organs
the active sites on antigens are called
epitopes
B cells mature in the
Bone marrow
T cells mature in the
Thymus
B cells and T cells then move to the _________ to wait for activation
lymph nodes
T cells function
activation of other T cells and B cells, control viral infections, rejection of foregin tissue grafts and delayed hypersensitivity reactions
two types of T cells
CD 4 and CD8
what T cell is the helper T cell
CD 4
CD 4 serves as the
master switch for the immune system
HIV and AIDs infects and destroys the
CD4 helper T cell
MHC moleules is for what immune system
adaptive
MCH helps discriminate between
molecules that are native to the body and those that are foregin
MCH is the thing that makes us humans
different from one another
Why are MCH called human leukocyte antigens (HLA)
because they were first detected on WBC
identification or typing of HLA moleules is important in
transplantation, forensics, and paternity evaluations
B cells differentiate into ________ cell which can produce thousands of ___________
plasma, antibodies
IgG:
displays anti_____, anti_____, and anti_______ properties
responsible for the protection of __________
activates _________
binds to ________
viral, toxin, bacteria, newborn, complement, macrophages
spleen filters _______ and involved in ________ response
antigen, immune
why would a patient who had a spleenectomy after trauma would be given a vaccine?
no spleen and cannot filter antigens, they are immune comprimised
which immune cell creates antibodies in response to antigens
b cell
getting a vaccine is
active immunity
mom to baby is
passive immunity
IgA is found in
breast milk (colostrum)
getting gamma globulin for exposure to HIV via IV is
passive
getting a booster shot is
active
getting the disease is
active
vaccination produces a
primary immune response
primary immune response can take how long
2-3 weeks
secondary immune respons eis
active
booster shots are a _________ immune
secondary
in secondary immune response what cells response to the antigen immediately
memory B cells
maternal IgG decreases during the
first 3-6 months
passive immunity is effective
right away
type one immune disorder is over what
IgE
in type 1 IgE immediate reactions are triggered by binding of an allergen to
a specific IgE
IgE is found on the surface of
mast cells or basophils
mast cells and basophils contain granules that have potent mediators like histamine which causes
vasodilator and bronchoconstrictor
type 1 IgE systemic ________ reactions
anaphylactic
type 1 IgE localized atopic disorders
allergic rhinitis and food allergies
anaphylaxis is the systemic response to the ___________ __________ released in type 1 hypersensitivity
inflammatory mediators
key inflammatory mediators in anaphylaxis
vasodilation and bronchoconstriction
primary/initial phase response consist of
vasodilation, vascular leakage, smooth muscle contaction
secondary/late phase response consists of
tissue destruction (epithelial cell damage) more intense infiltration of tissues with eosinophils and other acute and chronic inflammatory cells
atopic disorders is commonly called
allergic reactions
atopic disorders are systemic or
anaphylactic reactions
atopic disorders have local atopic reactions
urticaria (hives), rhinitis (hay fever), atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma
tuberculin test is a type
IV
Type IV is a cel ________ immune response
mediated
Type Iv is a _______ type of hypersensitivity
delayed
autoimmune diseases are caused by
failure of self recognition
example of acquired immunodeficiency
AIDS
occupation hazard is ___ with AIDs
low
HIV person can transmit when no symptoms are present, seroconversion occurs from 1-3 moths but may take up to 6, what is seroconversion
test shows negative but person is actually positive
Latent period/chronic asymtomatic may last
10-11 years
overt AIDs: TH cell count <_____ cells/Ml or _______-_______ __________
200, aids defining illness
some examples if AIDS manifestaions
Respiratory PCP, dementia, Wasting
chronic or typical progressors
after 7-10 years
rapid progressors
within 2-3 years
long term nonprogressors
asymptomatic after 10 years
elite controller
plasma HIV RNA levels below detection
transmission from mother to baby of AIDs can occur in
utero, during labor, delivery and in breast milk
what immunity develops after exposure to specific antigen
adaptive
Aids defining illness examples
wasting syndrome, HANDS, PCP, Kaposi’s sarcoma
