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Pathophysiology > Chapter 25 Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate:

A

action potentials.

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2
Q

Heart muscle, or myocardium, has the unique capability of

A

generating and conducting electrical impulses

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3
Q

Heart muscle similarities to skeletal muscle include

A

contractility, calcium influx, and actin-myosin (sarcomeres) binding.

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4
Q

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with

A

isovolumetric contraction.

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5
Q

Ventricular systole is divided into two parts

A

isovolumetric and ejection period

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6
Q

isovolumetric contraction when

A

the AV valves close and ventricles fill

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7
Q

ejection period

A

when the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected through the aortic valve into circulation.

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8
Q

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by:

A

venous blood return.

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9
Q

Preload represents

A

the amount of blood the heart must pump with each beat

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10
Q

Pressure (resistance), contraction, and ventricular emptying are all related to

A

afterload

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11
Q

A patient has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the patient’s peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

A

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

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12
Q

In circulatory shock there is a decrease in blood volume and

A

vessel radii

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13
Q

A male patient with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with uncharacteristic chest pain and his subsequent ECG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?

A

Ventricular repolarization

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14
Q

The T wave on electrocardiography (ECG) corresponds to

A

ventricular repolarization

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15
Q

Atrial depolarization is represented by the

A

P wave

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16
Q

ventricular depolarization is represented by the

A

QRS complex

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17
Q

The isoelectric or zero line between the P wave and the Q wave represents

A

depolarization of the AV node, bundle branches, and Purkinje system.

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18
Q

A patient who lives with a diagnosis of angina pectoris has taken a sublingual dose of nitroglycerin to treat the chest pain he experienced while mowing his lawn. This drug has resulted in a release of nitric oxide, which will have what effect?

A

Smooth muscle relaxation of vessels

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19
Q

Nitroglycerin produces its effects by releasing

A

nitric oxide in vascular smooth muscle

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20
Q

nitroglycerin results in

A

relaxation of the muscle and increased blood flow

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21
Q

Release of which of the following humoral factors will result in vasodilation?

A

Histamine

22
Q

Histamine has a powerful _______ effect

A

vasodilator

23
Q

histamine has the ability to

A

increase capillary permeability, allowing leakage of both fluid and plasma proteins into the tissues.

24
Q

Norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and serotonin are all potent

A

vasoconstictors

25
Q

The difference between the end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes is the

A

stroke volume

26
Q

Cardiac output is determined by

A

stroke volume and heart rate

27
Q

Ejection fraction is the volume ejected from the

A

left ventricle

28
Q

Cardiac reserve is determined by

A

cardiac output

29
Q

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

A

decreased stroke volume

30
Q

The tissue factor that contributes to humoral control of blood flow by causing vasoconstriction is:

A

serotonin

31
Q

Histamine, bradykinin, and nitric oxide cause _______ of blood vessels.

A

vasodilation

32
Q

In the days following a tooth cleaning and root canal, a patient has developed an infection of the thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. What is this patient’s most likely diagnosis?

A

Endocarditis

33
Q

The endocardium is a

A

thin, three-layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves

34
Q

Following several weeks of increasing fatigue and a subsequent diagnostic work-up, a patient has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

A

Backflow from the left ventricle to left atrium

35
Q

Harmful effects on cardiac action potential are most likely to result from a deficit of which of the following electrolytes?

A

Potassium

36
Q

the ions directly involved in the cardiac action potential are

A

sodium, calcium and potassium

37
Q

Turbulent blood flow can be caused by a number of factors, including:

A

increased velocity.

38
Q

Vessel length affects the _____ of flow rather than the type of flow.

A

rate

39
Q

Long-term autoregulation of local blood flow in the microcirculation is mediated by:

A

collateral circulation

40
Q

Short-term (increase/decrease) autoregulation is mediated by mechanisms that include

A

arteriovenous shunting of blood, the metabolic needs of the tissues, and autonomic nervous system controls.

41
Q

A patient with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are ultimately suggestive of decreased cardiac output. Which of the following factors that determine cardiac output is hypertension likely to affect most directly?

A

Afterload

42
Q

In the arterial-venous circulatory system, pressure is inversely related to:

A

volume

43
Q

Arterial circulation contains a lower percentage of total blood volume and has higher pressure than the venous circulation, which contains the majority of

A

circulating blood

44
Q

Flow is related to

A

viscosity

45
Q

radius is related to

A

wall tension

46
Q

Velocity is inversely proportional to the

A

cross-sectional area of the vessel.

47
Q

The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing:

A

vagus nerve activity

48
Q

Norepinephrine is the main neurotransmitter for

A

sympathetic neurons

49
Q

Which of the following factors is the primary governor of the local control of blood flow?

A

The nutritional needs of the tissue involved

50
Q

Action potentials, cardiac contractility, and preload are all aspects of

A

overall circulation

51
Q

Similarly, feedback from arterial baroreceptors and chemoreceptors inform the _____ ____ of systemic blood pressure, but not the local control of blood flow.

A

neural control

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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