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Pathophysiology > Chapter 25 > Flashcards

Chapter 25 Flashcards

1
Q

purpose of circulatory system

A

transport

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2
Q

circulatory system includes the

A

heart, arterial system, venous system and capillaries

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3
Q

low pressure pulmonary system allows blood to move through ______ more ______ which is important for gas exchange

A

lungs, slowly

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4
Q

central system is composed of

A

heart and pulmonary

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5
Q

most of the blood is found in the

A

venules

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6
Q

what is the driving force for blood flow

A

pressure difference between arterial and venous side

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7
Q

exhaling against closed glottis, this impedes

A

venous return

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8
Q

exhaling against a closed glottis shifts as much as

A

250 mL of blood

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9
Q

example of exhaling against a closed glottis

A

weight lifting, bracing core, bracing on the toilet

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10
Q

when in recumbent position (laying flat) 25-30% of blood is in

A

central circulation

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11
Q

when you stand the blood is rapidly displaced to

A

lower body parts

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12
Q

hemodynamics describes the

A

physical principles governing pressure, flow and resistance relating to circulatory system

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13
Q

fluid flow through a vessel depends on

A

the pressure difference between ends of the vessel, the vessels resistance to fluid flow

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14
Q

viscosity is largely determined by

A

RBC

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15
Q

if flow is constant velocity is _________ proportional to the cross sectional area of the vessle

A

inversely

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16
Q

laminar flow

A

moving in one direction

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17
Q

________ is minimal when laminar flow

A

friction

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18
Q

turbulent flow occurs with ____ velocity of flow, change in vessel ______ and low blood _____

A

high, diameter, viscosity

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19
Q

large mitochondria reflects

A

continuous energy needs

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20
Q

myocardium behaves as a

A

single unit

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21
Q

myocardium stores less of what electrolyte

A

calcium

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22
Q

mycardium relies more heavily on an influx of

A

extracellular calcium for contration

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23
Q

proteins which regulated actin myosin binding are used in diagnosis of MI

A

troponins

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24
Q

troponins help diagnosis

A

MI

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25
Q

you test troponin

A

serially

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26
Q

endocardium is the

A

innermost layer

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27
Q

endocardium is continuous with

A

blood vessel

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28
Q

increase of heart rate

A

tachycardia

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29
Q

decrease in heart rate

A

Bradycardia

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30
Q

route of electrical conduction to start mechanical contraction

A

SA node
AV junction
Bundle of His
right and left bundle
purkinje fibers

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31
Q

if the SA node quits working the ____ takes over

A

AV node

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32
Q

when the AV node takes over the heart rate drops to

A

40-60BPM

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33
Q

if the AV and SA node do not fire the ventricles can fire and drops the heart rate to

A

40 BPM

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34
Q

which ion channels allow cardiac muscle to fire without a stimulus

A

Ca2+

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35
Q

P wave is the depolarization of the

A

atria

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36
Q

inbetween P and Q wave is the

A

delay in AV node

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37
Q

QRS complex is the depolarization of

A

ventricles

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38
Q

end of S to T wave is the depolarization of

A

ventricles

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39
Q

absolute refractory period takes place between

A

QRS and peak T wave

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40
Q

absolute refractory period

A

cardiac cells cannot be stimulated to conduct an electrical impulse, no matter how strong the stimulus

41
Q

relative refractory period takes place when

A

the downslope of the T wave

42
Q

relative refractory period

A

cardiac cells can be stimulated to depolarizes if the stimulus is strong enough

43
Q

supernormal period takes place when

A

end of the T wave

44
Q

supernormal period

A

a weaker than normal stimulus can cause depolarization of cardiac cells

45
Q

ECG records

A

electrical voltages generated by depolarization of heart muscle

46
Q

ECG can provide information about

A

conduction disturbances, electrical effects of electrolytes and medications, presence of ischemic damage

47
Q

systole is

A

contration

48
Q

diastole is

A

filling

49
Q

coronary arteries fill during

A

filling

50
Q

systole is between

A

S1 and S2

51
Q

diastole is between

A

S2 and S1

52
Q

S1 sound is produced by

A

mitral and tricuspid closure

53
Q

S2 sound is produced by

A

aortic and pulmonic closure

54
Q

S3 is produced by

A

passive filling stage of diastole

55
Q

what S are inaudiable

A

S3 and S4

56
Q

if S3 can be heard then

A

often represents an overloaded ventricle, can be physiologic in children but pathologic in adults

57
Q

S3 could mean

A

failure

58
Q

S3 is a ______ sound

A

diastolic

59
Q

if S4 can be heard then

A

it is produced by atrial contraction during diastole

60
Q

tachycardia decreases ________ filling and ______ artery filling time

A

ventricle, coronary

61
Q

mural thrombus

A

clot on wall of heart which is caused by stagnant blood

62
Q

diastole

A

ventricles relaxed
blood entering atria
blood flows through AV valves into ventricles
semilunar valves are closed

63
Q

systole

A

ventricles contract
blood pushes against AV valves and they shut
blood pushes through semilunar valves into aorta and pulmonary trunk

64
Q

only way to safely take care of patients with heart failure is to know what valule

A

Ejection Fraction

65
Q

how to find EF

A

stroke volume divided by the end diastolic volume

66
Q

EF represents

A

the fraction of percentage of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during systole

67
Q

stroke volume is made up of 3 things

A

preload, contractility, afterload

68
Q

cardiac output

A

liters per min

69
Q

stroke volume

A

how much is pushed out in one beat

70
Q

preload is the proportional to stretch of myocardium at end

A

diastole

71
Q

preload represents the amount of

A

gas in the take/filling pressure

72
Q

afterload is the pressure

A

the heart must generate to move blood into the aorta

73
Q

afterload is the resistance the heart must pump

A

against

74
Q

_______ relationship between afterload and cardiac performance

A

inverse

75
Q

contractility

A

the rate, extent and force of fiber shortening during systole for a given set of loading conditions

76
Q

another name for contractillity

A

inotrophy

77
Q

central circulatory system consists of

A

heart and pulmonary

78
Q

exhaling against a closed glottis impedes venous return and shifts as much as _____ mL of blood

A

250

79
Q

turbulent flow occurs with

A

high velocity of flow, change in vessel diameter and low blood viscosity

80
Q

proteins which regulated actin-myosin binding are used in diagnosis of MI

A

troponins

81
Q

3 cations associated with depolarization and repolarization

A

Ca+, Na+ and K+

82
Q

an high T wave may indicate

A

hyperkalemia

83
Q

coronary arteries fill during

A

diastole

84
Q

S1 is produced by

A

mitral and tricuspid closure

85
Q

S2 is produced by

A

aortic and pulmonic closure

86
Q

S3 is a sign of

A

HEART FAILURE

87
Q

S3 is what type of sound

A

diastolic

88
Q

tachycardia causes decrease in ________ filling and decrease in _________ artery filling time

A

ventricular, coronary

89
Q

stagnat blood can cause a

A

mural thrombus

90
Q

mural thrombus is a

A

clot on wall of heart

91
Q

what is the only way to safely take care of a patient with heart failure

A

knowing their ejection fraction

92
Q

preload is known as

A

gas in tank

93
Q

contractility is

A

stretch of fibers

94
Q

afterload is

A

resistance heart has to pump against

95
Q

preload is proportional to

A

stretch of myocardium at end of diastole

96
Q

afterload is the resistance the heart must pump

A

against

97
Q

there is a ________ relationship between afterload and cardiac preformance

A

inverse

98
Q

inotropy

A

another word for contractility

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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