Chapter 29 Flashcards
glottis
elongated opening between true vocal cords
epiglottis
large left shaped cartilage, covers larynx during swallowing
the right bronchi is
straighter and less angled
lungs are active is __ exchange function
gas
lungs also inactivate _______ substances such as bradykinin
vasoactive
the lungs convert _________1 to _________2
angiotensin
lungs serve as a reservoir for _______ storage
blood
________ producing cells are particularly abundant in the capillaries of the lung where small clots may be trapped
heparin
type 1 alveolar cells are used for
gas exhange
alveolar type II cells produce ______ which is a lipoprotein substance that decreases surface tension in alveoi
surfactant
pulmonary circulation provides for
gas exchange function
bronchial circulation distributes blood
to conduction airways and supporting tissues
bronchial circulation also ____ and ________
warms, humidifies
precent of O2 in atomosphere
21
intrapleural pressure is always _______
negative (subatmospheric)
forced expiration against a closed glottis is called
Valsalva
valsalva compresses air in thoracic cavity and produces marked _______ in intrathoracic and intrapleural pressure
increases
what is the principle muscle of inspiration
diaphragm
the diaphragm is innervated by what nerve
phrenic
where does the phrenic nerve come from
C3-C5
expiration is mainly ______
passive
lung compliance
ease with which the lungs can be inflated
lung compliance descrive the change in lung _______ that can be accomplished
volume
which diseases have DECREASE in compliance?
ARDS
which disease have INCREASED compliance?
Emphasema
surfactant is secreted by what cells
type 2
Poiseuille’s law states that resistance to flow is _______ related to the radius
inversely
impact of bronchospasm and secretions can have a marked _______ in airway resistance
increase
COPD expiration tip
pursed lip breathing is good!
dysmthya is
FEELING of not breathing
vital capacity
breathing all the way in and out
what device tells us the FEV1 and FEV2
peak flow meter
FEV1 is
air forced out in first second
FEV is equivalent to
vital capacity
you use FEV to diagnosis
lung disease
in normal FEV1 is ___L, when total is 5L
4
in obstructive FEV1 is __L when total is 3L
1.2
in restrictive FEV1 is __L when total is 3L
2.7
deadspace
air not participating with gas exhange
perfusion with out ventilation happens when there is a blockage stoping air or blood
air
ventilation without perfusion happens when there us a blockage stopping air or blood
blood
perfusion
ability to drive blood passed alveolar capillary bed
some diseases that interrupt ventilation
drug overdose or lack of muscles
match of ventilation to perfusion that ensures we have enough O2 and get rid of
CO2
an example of ventilation without perfusion is
pulmonary embolism
the issue with ventilation with out perfusion is
the lung sounds may be good
shunt
perfusion without ventilation, unoxygenated blood returning to the left side of the heart
shunting happens when the alveoli is
collapsed
in shunting the perfusion is good or bad
good
an example of a disease with shunting is
ARDS
PO2 is measured dissolved or bound to hemoglobin
dissolved
normal PO2 is
greater than 80
normal oxyhemoglobin is
95-97%
T/F: the relationship between PCO2 and pH is direct
F IT IS INDIRECT
oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve
changes the affinity of oxygen to hemoglobin and affects how easily oxygen is released, shift to left and right
hemoglobin is what kind of protein
enzyme
pH and temp can ________ hemoglobin
denature
a shift to the left causes the oxygen to be released faster or slower
faster
a shift to the right causes the oxygen to be released faster or slower
slower
an example of shift to the right is
cold
which patient is more hypoxemic
Patient A: PO2 100mmHG, hemoglobin is 4
patient B: PO2 50mmHg, hemoglobin 12
patient a because they may have a goof PO2 but there is not a lot of hemoglobin to deliver oxygen to tissues
control of breathing is influenced by
pons, medulla, chemoreceptors, lung receptors
what interferes with cough reflex
disease conditions, bedrest, NG tube
central chemoreceptors measure
PCO2 and pH
peripheral chemoreceptors measure
Po2
peripheral chemoreceptors measure
Po2
where do central chemoreceptors measure PCO2 and pH
cerebrospinal fluid
where do peripheral chemoreceptors measure PO2
arterial blood
central chemoreceptors increase respiration when
PCO2 increases or pH decreases
Peripheral chemoreceptors increase respiration when
PO2 <60mmHg
if you have a COPD patient why do you not give them a lot of oxygen
because his body thought he was doing fine which leads to unconsciousness and increased CO2
somethings that can increase respiratory rate
anxiety, medication, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, pain, SHOCK
