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Pathophysiology > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

osmotic activity may be expressed in 2 ways

A

osmolality vs osmolarity

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2
Q

1 L of water weighs

A

1 Kg/ 2.2 LBS

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3
Q

tonicity

A

a change in water content causes cells to shrink or burst

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4
Q

tonicity examples

A

hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic

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5
Q

hypertonic causes cells to

A

shrink

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6
Q

hypotonic causes cells to

A

shrink

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7
Q

isotonic causes cells

A

to do neither

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8
Q

ECF =

A

plasma + interstitial + transcellualr

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9
Q

when transcellular fluid becomes considerably enlarger this is called

A

third spacing

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10
Q

third spacing causes

A

ascites in peritoneal cavity

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11
Q

_____ drives colonial osmotic pressure

A

ALBUMIN

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12
Q

keeps fluid in capillaries

A

tissue hydrostatic pressure, capillary colloidal osmotic pressure

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13
Q

pushes fluid out

A

capillary filtration pressure, tissue colloidal pressure

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14
Q

what forces work to keep blood in the capillary

A

capillary COP and tissue hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

edema

A

palpable swelling/ expansion of interstitial fluid

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16
Q

edema is caused by

A

increased capillary filtration pressure, decreased capillary colloidal osmotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, obstruction to lymph flow

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17
Q

what regulates sodium balance

A

thirst and ADH

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18
Q

deficiency of or decreased response to ADH

A

diabetes insipidus

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19
Q

SIADH-ADH

A

secretion continues when serum osmo is reduced

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20
Q

SIADH-ADH causes

A

water retention and dilution hypoatremeia

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21
Q

disorders of sodium and water balance

A

isotonic fluid volume deficit, isotonic fluid volume excess

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22
Q

isotonic fluid volume deficit

A

decrease in ECF including circulating blood volume.

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23
Q

Isotonic fluid volume excess

A

usually associated with sodium increase accompanied by increase in body water

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24
Q

symptoms of isotonic volume deficit

A

vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria, excess sweating, third space loss

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25
Q

hyponatremia causes

A

diuretics, SIADH

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26
Q

hyponatermia manifestations

A

muscle cramps/weakness, CNS, N&V, cramps, diarrhea

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27
Q

hypernatremia causes excess body fluid _____

A

loss

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28
Q

hypernatremia is caused by

A

defect in thirst

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29
Q

hypernatremia manifestations

A

ECF fluid loss and dehydration (thirst), CNS, seizures, decreased vascular volume

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30
Q

potassium is 98% found where

A

intracellular

31
Q

potassium levels

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

32
Q

potassium is critical in

A

resting membrane potential; balance essential to prevent cardiac dysrhythmias

33
Q

potassium regulation is through

A

renal and transcellular shift

34
Q

hypokalemia caused by

A

inadequate intake, excessive losses through kidney, skin and GI or redistribution between ECF/ICF

35
Q

hypokalemia manifestations

A

GI, Neuro, Cardiac

36
Q

hyperkalemia caused

A

decrease renal elimination, rapid administration, redistributions

37
Q

hyperkalemia maifestations

A

cardiac arrest

38
Q

hyperkalemia moves resting potential ____ threshold

A

toward

39
Q

in hyperkalemia cells fire more

A

easily

40
Q

hypokalemia moves resting potential ____ from threshold

A

away

41
Q

in hypokalemia cells fire

A

less easily

42
Q

___% of calcium is found in bone

A

99

43
Q

total level of calcium fluctuates with changes in

A

serum, albumin, and pH

44
Q

____ is a gate keeper for Ca reabsorption

A

kidney

45
Q

parathyroid hormone promotes

A

release of Ca from bone, activates vit D to enhance intestinal absorption, stimulates Ca conservation by kidney

46
Q

hypocalcemia cause

A

impaired ability to mobilize from bone, abnormal losses from kidney, and increase protein binding

47
Q

pseudo hypocalciuma is due to

A

low albumin

48
Q

serum levels fall as _____ levels rise in renal failure

A

phosphate

49
Q

hypocalcemia manifestations (key ones)

A

chovstek sign and tetany

50
Q

chovstek test

A

tapping on face just below temple at point where facial nerve emerges, spasm of lip and nose is positive

51
Q

trousseau test

A

inflated blood pressure cuff, inflated 10mmHG above systolic blood pressure for 3 mins, contractions of fingers and hand=positive

52
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium movement into the circulation overwhelms the calcium regulatory hormones or the ability of kidney to remove it

53
Q

manifestations of hypercalcemia

A

changes in neural excitability, stupor, coma, muscle weakness, ataxia

54
Q

magesium is second most abundant

A

IC cation

55
Q

magnesium helps with

A

nerve conduction, ion transport, calcium channel acivity

56
Q

hypomagnesia is dangerous because

A

kidneys have difficulty conserving magnesium when its low

57
Q

hypomagenesemia happens when excessive _____ intake or alcoholsim

A

calcium

58
Q

hypomagnesemia causes

A

increase in neuromuscular excitability-muscle weakness and tremors

59
Q

hypomagnesemia may co exist with

A

hypocalcemia/hypokalemia

60
Q

pH is maintained though mechanisms

A

generate, buffers and eliminate acids and bases

61
Q

acid is a molecular that can release a

A

H ion

62
Q

base is a molecule that can

A

accept or combine with an H ion

63
Q

pH represents the

A

negative log of the H ion concentration in mEq/L

64
Q

incomplete oxidation of glucose results in the formation or

A

lactic acid

65
Q

incomplete oxidation of fats results in the production of

A

ketoacids

66
Q

regulation of pH

A

ICF and ECF buffering systems
lungs controlling elimination of CO2
kidneys eliminating H+ and regulating the elimination of HCO3

67
Q

increase in CO2 causes

A

increases in CO2
increases In H+ (lower pH)
increases in bicarbonate ion

68
Q

respiratory acidosis cause

A

impaired alveolar ventilation, acute or chronic leads to rise in PCO2

69
Q

latrogenic

A

CO2 narcosis

70
Q

respiratory alkalosis cause

A

hyperventialtion, panic

71
Q

as blood levels of CO2 rise ___ drops

A

pH

72
Q

metabolic acidosis caused by

A

excess non-volatile acids, loss of bicarb, decreased acid secretion by kidney, increase in chloride

73
Q

metabolic acids

A

cardiac contractility and output decrease

Pathophysiology (44 decks)

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