Types of Psychological Disorders 7.2 [HY]

Question 1

Negative Symptoms

Answer 1

• involve the absence of normal or
  desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition.

Question 2

Delusions of reference

Answer 2

belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual

Question 3

Delusions of persecution

Answer 3

the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered
with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened

Question 4

Thought broadcasting

Answer 4

which is the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world

Question 5

Thought withdrawal

Answer 5

the belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head

Question 6

Thought insertion

Answer 6

the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head

Question 7

Disorganized thought

Answer 7

• characterized by loosening of associations
• This may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another
  in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought

Question 8

Word salad

Answer 8

speech may be so disorganized that it seems to have no structure—as though it were just words thrown together incomprehensibly

Question 9

Neologisms

Answer 9

invent new words

Question 10

Disorganized behavior

Answer 10

refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily
living, such as paying bills, maintaining hygiene, and keeping appointments

Question 11

Echolalia

Answer 11

repeating another’s words

Question 12

Echopraxia

Answer 12

imitating another’s actions

Question 13

Blunting

Answer 13

there is a severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression

Question 14

Emotional flattening (flat affect)

Answer 14

there are virtually no signs of emotional expression

Question 15

Inappropriate affect

Answer 15

the affect is clearly discordant
with the content of the individual’s speech

Question 16

Avolition

Answer 16

marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions.

Question 17

Schizophrenia

Answer 17

• break between an individual
  and reality
• individual must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months, and this six-month period must include at least one month of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech).

Question 18

Phases of Schizophrenia

Answer 18

Prodromal phase: clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences.

Active Phase: pronounced
psychotic symptoms are displayed.

Residual Phase (Recovery Phase): occurs after an active
episode and is characterized by mental clarity often resulting in concern or depression as the individual becomes aware of previous behavior

Question 19

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

Answer 19

Include both personality disorder and psychotic symptoms, with the personality symptoms having been already established before psychotic symptoms present

Question 20

Delusion Disorder

Answer 20

Just Delusions for atleast a month

Question 21

Brief Psychotic Disorder

Answer 21

Positive psychotic symptoms present 1>= month

Question 22

Schizophreniform Disorder

Answer 22

Same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenia except in duration; duration is 1 month

Question 23

Schizoaffective Disorder

Answer 23

Manic and depressive mood + Psychotic symptoms

Question 24

9 Depressive Symptoms (+ Mneumonic)

Answer 24

PIE + CASS = Gulit

• Psychomotor symptoms: Psychomotor retardation (slowed thoughts and physical movements) and psychomotor agitation (restlessness resulting in undesired movement)
• Interest: Loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously sparked joy, termed anhedonia
• Energy: Lower levels of energy throughout the day
• Concentration: Decrease in ability to concentrate (self described, or observed by others)
• Appetite: Pronounced change in appetite (increase or decrease) resulting in a significant change (5%+) in weight.
• Sadness: Depressed mood, feelings of sadness and emptiness
• Suicidal thoughts: Recurrent suicidal thoughts

Question 25

Major depressive episode

Answer 25

• defined as a 2-week (or longer) period in which 5 of the 9 defined depressive symptoms are encountered, which must include either depressed mood or anhedonia (inability to feel and anticipate pleasure)
• Summary: 5 of the 9 symptoms for 2 weeks or longer

Question 26

Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)

Answer 26

given when an individual
experiences a period, lasting at least 2 years, in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days

Question 27

Disruptive mood dysregulation

Answer 27

disorder, which is typically diagnosed between the ages of 6 and 10, and has the key diagnostic feature of persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments (school, home,

Question 28

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Answer 28

characterized by mood changes, often depressed mood, occurring a few days before menses and resolving after menses onset

Question 29

What causes postpartum depression?

Answer 29

rapid change in hormone levels

Question 30

Manic symptoms (7)

Answer 30

DIG FAST:
- Distractibility: Inability to remain focused on an activity
- Irresponsibility: Engaging in risky activities without considering future consequences
- Grandiosity: Exaggerated and unrealistic increase in self esteem
- Flight of thoughts: Racing thoughts, self-reported or revealed through rapid speech
- Activity or agitation: Increase in goal-oriented work or social activities
- Sleep: Decreased need for sleep, e.g. sleeping for only a couple hours but feeling rested
- Talkative: Exaggerated desire to speak

Question 31

Hypomanic Episode vs Manic Episode

Answer 31

Hypomanic = 4 days,
Manic = 7 days *impair social or work life

Both 3 or more symptoms

Question 32

Bipolar I Disorder

Answer 32

mainly manic episodes can also have depressive
episodes but not required

Question 33

Bipolar II Disorder

Answer 33

Major DD + hypomania

Question 34

Cyclothymic Disorder

Answer 34

• presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be considered episodes.
• must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year (or longer) period.

Question 35

monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression

Answer 35

theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression

Question 36

Anxiety

Answer 36

fear of an upcoming or future event
- Anxiety disorder is a phobia

Question 37

Selective mutism

Answer 37

heavily associated with social anxiety disorder and characterized by the consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected

Question 38

Expected vs Unexpected Panic Attack

Answer 38

Clear trigger vs no trigger

Question 39

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)

Answer 39

• persistent worry about many different things.
• symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problem

Question 40

Muscle dysmorphia

Answer 40

individuals believe that their body is too small or unmuscular (a preoccupation) and respond through working out

Question 41

Trichotillomania

Answer 41

individuals are compelled to pull out their hair

Question 42

excoriation disorder

Answer 42

individuals are compelled to pick at their skin

Question 43

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 43

• Intrusion symptoms: Classical Conditioning flashbacks etc.
• Arousal symptoms: Classical Conditioning increased startle response etc.
• Avoidance symptoms: Operant Conditioning deliberate attempts to avoid the memories
  -Negative cognitive symptoms: Dissociation inability to recall key features
  of the event
• Acute stress disorder if month < 3 days

Question 44

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 44

• characterized by an inability to recall past experiences.
• dissociative means the amnesia is not due to a neurological disorder

Question 45

Dissociative fugue

Answer 45

• Individuals in a fugue state are confused about their identity and can even assume a new identity. Significantly, they
  may actually believe that they are someone else, with a complete backstory
• Fugue: Loss of identity

Question 46

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 46

• the components of identity fail to integrate. In most cases, patients have suffered severe physical or sexual abuse as young children. After much
  therapy, the personalities can sometimes be integrated into one.

Question 47

Depersonalization

Answer 47

• detached from their own minds and bodies
• can include failure to recognize one’s reflection

Question 48

Derealization

Answer 48

• detached from their surroundings
• described as giving the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality
• patients do not display psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.

Question 49

Somatic symptom disorder

Answer 49

• have at least one somatic
  symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety.

Question 50

Illness anxiety disorder

Answer 50

• being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
• Most patients classified under hypochondriasis fit into either somatic symptom disorder if somatic symptoms are present, or illness anxiety disorder if they are not

Question 51

Conversion Disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)

Answer 51

• characterized by symptoms affecting voluntary motor or
  sensory functions that are incompatible with the patient’s
  neurophysiological condition
• include paralysis or blindness without evidence of neurological damage
  -la belle indifférence: patient may be surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom
• historically called hysteria
• may sometimes be connected with the inciting event in a literal or poetic way; for example, a parent going blind
  shortly after watching a child die tragically.

Question 52

Personality disorder

Answer 52

pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse
control.

Question 53

Ego-syntonic (Personality Disorder)

Answer 53

• individuals perceive their behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals.

Question 54

Ego-dystonic (Personality Disorder)

Answer 54

individuals see the illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome.

Question 55

Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders)

Answer 55

• marked by behavior that is
  labeled as odd or eccentric by others.
• Paranoid: marked by a pervasive distrust of others
  and suspicion regarding their motives.
• Schizotypal: refers to a pattern of odd or eccentric
  thinking
• Schizoid: pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.

Question 56

Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and
Narcissistic Personality Disorders)

Answer 56

• marked by behavior that is
  labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others.
• Antisocial: 3x more common in men. Pattern of disregard for
  and violations of the rights of others. evidenced by repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, or a lack of remorse for said actions.
• Borderline: 2x more common in women. pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable. profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values. splitting as a defense mechanism, in which they view others as either all good or all bad. Suicide attempts common.
• Histrionic dramatic: constant attention seeking
  behavior. wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted. May also use seductive behavior to gain attention.
• Narcissistic: patient has a grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances
  in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement. May be marked feelings of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, or emptiness
  when these individuals are not viewed favorably by others.

Question 57

Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive–
Compulsive Personality Disorders)

Answer 57

• marked by behavior that is
  labeled as anxious or fearful by others. avoidant, dependent, and OCD.
• Avoidant: the affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection.
• Dependent: characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Individuals with dependent personality disorder tend to remain dependent on one specific person.
• Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order. Other characteristics may include an inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines.