Types of Psychological Disorders 7.2 [HY] Flashcards
Negative Symptoms
- involve the absence of normal or
desired behavior, such as disturbance of affect and avolition.
Delusions of reference
belief that common elements in the environment are directed toward the individual
Delusions of persecution
the belief that the person is being deliberately interfered
with, discriminated against, plotted against, or threatened
Thought broadcasting
which is the belief that one’s thoughts are broadcast directly from one’s head to the external world
Thought withdrawal
the belief that thoughts are being removed from one’s head
Thought insertion
the belief that thoughts are being placed in one’s head
Disorganized thought
- characterized by loosening of associations
- This may be exhibited as speech in which ideas shift from one subject to another
in such a way that a listener would be unable to follow the train of thought
Word salad
speech may be so disorganized that it seems to have no structure—as though it were just words thrown together incomprehensibly
Neologisms
invent new words
Disorganized behavior
refers to an inability to carry out activities of daily
living, such as paying bills, maintaining hygiene, and keeping appointments
Echolalia
repeating another’s words
Echopraxia
imitating another’s actions
Blunting
there is a severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression
Emotional flattening (flat affect)
there are virtually no signs of emotional expression
Inappropriate affect
the affect is clearly discordant
with the content of the individual’s speech
Avolition
marked by decreased engagement in purposeful, goal-directed actions.
Schizophrenia
- break between an individual
and reality - individual must show continuous signs of the disturbance for at least six months, and this six-month period must include at least one month of positive symptoms (delusions, hallucinations, or disorganized speech).
Phases of Schizophrenia
Prodromal phase: clear evidence of deterioration, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect, and unusual experiences.
Active Phase: pronounced
psychotic symptoms are displayed.
Residual Phase (Recovery Phase): occurs after an active
episode and is characterized by mental clarity often resulting in concern or depression as the individual becomes aware of previous behavior
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Include both personality disorder and psychotic symptoms, with the personality symptoms having been already established before psychotic symptoms present
Delusion Disorder
Just Delusions for atleast a month
Brief Psychotic Disorder
Positive psychotic symptoms present 1>= month
Schizophreniform Disorder
Same diagnostic criteria as schizophrenia except in duration; duration is 1 month
Schizoaffective Disorder
Manic and depressive mood + Psychotic symptoms
9 Depressive Symptoms (+ Mneumonic)
PIE + CASS = Gulit
- Psychomotor symptoms: Psychomotor retardation (slowed thoughts and physical movements) and psychomotor agitation (restlessness resulting in undesired movement)
- Interest: Loss of interest and pleasure in activities that previously sparked joy, termed anhedonia
- Energy: Lower levels of energy throughout the day
- Concentration: Decrease in ability to concentrate (self described, or observed by others)
- Appetite: Pronounced change in appetite (increase or decrease) resulting in a significant change (5%+) in weight.
- Sadness: Depressed mood, feelings of sadness and emptiness
- Suicidal thoughts: Recurrent suicidal thoughts
Major depressive episode
- defined as a 2-week (or longer) period in which 5 of the 9 defined depressive symptoms are encountered, which must include either depressed mood or anhedonia (inability to feel and anticipate pleasure)
- Summary: 5 of the 9 symptoms for 2 weeks or longer
Persistent depressive disorder (PDD)
given when an individual
experiences a period, lasting at least 2 years, in which they experience a depressed mood on the majority of days
Disruptive mood dysregulation
disorder, which is typically diagnosed between the ages of 6 and 10, and has the key diagnostic feature of persistent and recurrent emotional irritability in multiple environments (school, home,
Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
characterized by mood changes, often depressed mood, occurring a few days before menses and resolving after menses onset
What causes postpartum depression?
rapid change in hormone levels
Manic symptoms (7)
DIG FAST:
- Distractibility: Inability to remain focused on an activity
- Irresponsibility: Engaging in risky activities without considering future consequences
- Grandiosity: Exaggerated and unrealistic increase in self esteem
- Flight of thoughts: Racing thoughts, self-reported or revealed through rapid speech
- Activity or agitation: Increase in goal-oriented work or social activities
- Sleep: Decreased need for sleep, e.g. sleeping for only a couple hours but feeling rested
- Talkative: Exaggerated desire to speak
Hypomanic Episode vs Manic Episode
Hypomanic = 4 days,
Manic = 7 days *impair social or work life
Both 3 or more symptoms
Bipolar I Disorder
mainly manic episodes can also have depressive
episodes but not required
Bipolar II Disorder
Major DD + hypomania
Cyclothymic Disorder
- presence of both manic and depressive symptoms that are not severe enough to be considered episodes.
- must have experienced numerous periods of manic and depressive symptoms for the majority of time over a 2-year (or longer) period.
monoamine or catecholamine theory of depression
theory holds that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania, while too little leads to depression
Anxiety
fear of an upcoming or future event
- Anxiety disorder is a phobia
Selective mutism
heavily associated with social anxiety disorder and characterized by the consistent inability to speak in situations where speaking is expected
Expected vs Unexpected Panic Attack
Clear trigger vs no trigger
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
- persistent worry about many different things.
- symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension, and sleep problem
Muscle dysmorphia
individuals believe that their body is too small or unmuscular (a preoccupation) and respond through working out
Trichotillomania
individuals are compelled to pull out their hair
excoriation disorder
individuals are compelled to pick at their skin
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- Intrusion symptoms: Classical Conditioning flashbacks etc.
- Arousal symptoms: Classical Conditioning increased startle response etc.
- Avoidance symptoms: Operant Conditioning deliberate attempts to avoid the memories
-Negative cognitive symptoms: Dissociation inability to recall key features
of the event - Acute stress disorder if month < 3 days
Dissociative amnesia
- characterized by an inability to recall past experiences.
- dissociative means the amnesia is not due to a neurological disorder
Dissociative fugue
- Individuals in a fugue state are confused about their identity and can even assume a new identity. Significantly, they
may actually believe that they are someone else, with a complete backstory - Fugue: Loss of identity
Dissociative identity disorder (DID)
- the components of identity fail to integrate. In most cases, patients have suffered severe physical or sexual abuse as young children. After much
therapy, the personalities can sometimes be integrated into one.
Depersonalization
- detached from their own minds and bodies
- can include failure to recognize one’s reflection
Derealization
- detached from their surroundings
- described as giving the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality
- patients do not display psychotic symptoms like delusions or hallucinations.
Somatic symptom disorder
- have at least one somatic
symptom, which may or may not be linked to an underlying medical condition, and that is accompanied by disproportionate concerns about its seriousness, devotion of an excessive amount of time and energy to it, or elevated levels of anxiety.
Illness anxiety disorder
- being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition
- Most patients classified under hypochondriasis fit into either somatic symptom disorder if somatic symptoms are present, or illness anxiety disorder if they are not
Conversion Disorder (functional neurological symptom disorder)
- characterized by symptoms affecting voluntary motor or
sensory functions that are incompatible with the patient’s
neurophysiological condition - include paralysis or blindness without evidence of neurological damage
-la belle indifférence: patient may be surprisingly unconcerned by the symptom - historically called hysteria
- may sometimes be connected with the inciting event in a literal or poetic way; for example, a parent going blind
shortly after watching a child die tragically.
Personality disorder
pattern of behavior that is inflexible and maladaptive, causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotions, interpersonal functioning, or impulse
control.
Ego-syntonic (Personality Disorder)
- individuals perceive their behavior as correct, normal, or in harmony with their goals.
Ego-dystonic (Personality Disorder)
individuals see the illness as something thrust upon them that is intrusive and bothersome.
Cluster A (Paranoid, Schizotypal, and Schizoid Personality Disorders)
- marked by behavior that is
labeled as odd or eccentric by others. - Paranoid: marked by a pervasive distrust of others
and suspicion regarding their motives. - Schizotypal: refers to a pattern of odd or eccentric
thinking - Schizoid: pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression.
Cluster B (Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, and
Narcissistic Personality Disorders)
- marked by behavior that is
labeled as dramatic, emotional, or erratic by others. - Antisocial: 3x more common in men. Pattern of disregard for
and violations of the rights of others. evidenced by repeated illegal acts, deceitfulness, aggressiveness, or a lack of remorse for said actions. - Borderline: 2x more common in women. pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood, and self-image. Interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable. profound identity disturbance with uncertainty about self-image, sexual identity, long-term goals, or values. splitting as a defense mechanism, in which they view others as either all good or all bad. Suicide attempts common.
- Histrionic dramatic: constant attention seeking
behavior. wear colorful clothing, are dramatic, and are exceptionally extroverted. May also use seductive behavior to gain attention. - Narcissistic: patient has a grandiose sense of self importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention, and characteristic disturbances
in interpersonal relationships such as feelings of entitlement. May be marked feelings of rage, inferiority, shame, humiliation, or emptiness
when these individuals are not viewed favorably by others.
Cluster C (Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive–
Compulsive Personality Disorders)
- marked by behavior that is
labeled as anxious or fearful by others. avoidant, dependent, and OCD. - Avoidant: the affected individual has extreme shyness and fear of rejection.
- Dependent: characterized by a continuous need for reassurance. Individuals with dependent personality disorder tend to remain dependent on one specific person.
- Obsessive–Compulsive Personality Disorder (OCPD): individual is perfectionistic and inflexible, tending to like rules and order. Other characteristics may include an inability to discard worn-out objects, lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor, and maintenance of careful routines.
