Learning 3.1 [HY] Flashcards
Habituation
repeated exposure to the same
stimulus can cause a decrease in response
Dishabituation
- the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.
- triggered by a second stimulus: The second stimulus interrupts the habituation
process and thereby causes an increase in response to the original stimulus late in habituation
Classical Conditioning
type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two
unrelated stimuli.
Unconditioned stimulus/ Unconditioned response
reflexive response
Neutral Stimuli
Do not produce a reflexive response
Conditioned stimulus
normally neutral stimulus
that, through association, now causes a conditioned response
Conditioned Response
Reflexive response
Acquisition
Turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus
Extinction
loss of a conditioned response, and can occur if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
Spontaneous recovery
a weak conditioned response, after presenting subjects again
with an extinct conditioned stimulus
Generalization
broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can
also produce the conditioned response.
Stimuli discrimination
organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
the ways in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those
behaviors
Behaviorism
theory that all behaviors are conditioned
Positive reinforcers
increase the frequency of
behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.
Negative reinforcers
increase the frequency of a behavior, by removing something unpleasant
Difference between positive and negative punishment and enforcement?
- Positive means adding
- Negative means taking away
Escape learning
the animal experiences
the unpleasant stimulus and, acquires a specific response to escape/remove it in order to trigger the removal of the stimulus.
Avoidance learning
displays the desired behavior in
anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding the unpleasant stimulus.
Positive Punishment
adds an unpleasant
consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
Negative Punishment
removing a stimulus in order to cause reduction of
a behavior
Which reinforcement schedule is more affective?
variable-ratio works the fastest for learning a new
behavior, and is also the most resistant to extinction.
Shaping
which is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response.
Latent Learning
learning that occurs
without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is
introduced.
Problem Solving
method of learning that steps outside the standard behaviorist approach.
Preparedness
Animals are most able to learn
behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors
Instinctive (or instinctual) drift
When animals revert to an
instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar
Mirror Neurons
- neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that
individual observes someone else performing that action. - largely involved in motor processes
- related to empathy and vicarious emotions
Modeling
- observational learning
- important factor in determining people’s behavior throughout their lifetime
