Learning 3.1 [HY]

Question 1

Habituation

Answer 1

repeated exposure to the same
stimulus can cause a decrease in response

Question 2

Dishabituation

Answer 2

• the recovery of a response to a stimulus after habituation has occurred.
• triggered by a second stimulus: The second stimulus interrupts the habituation
  process and thereby causes an increase in response to the original stimulus late in habituation

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

type of associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two
unrelated stimuli.

Question 4

Unconditioned stimulus/ Unconditioned response

Answer 4

reflexive response

Question 5

Neutral Stimuli

Answer 5

Do not produce a reflexive response

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

normally neutral stimulus
that, through association, now causes a conditioned response

Question 7

Conditioned Response

Answer 7

Reflexive response

Question 8

Acquisition

Answer 8

Turn a neutral stimulus into a conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Extinction

Answer 9

loss of a conditioned response, and can occur if the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Question 10

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 10

a weak conditioned response, after presenting subjects again
with an extinct conditioned stimulus

Question 11

Generalization

Answer 11

broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can
also produce the conditioned response.

Question 12

Stimuli discrimination

Answer 12

organism learns to distinguish between similar stimuli.

Question 13

Operant Conditioning

Answer 13

the ways in which consequences of voluntary behaviors change the frequency of those
behaviors

Question 14

Behaviorism

Answer 14

theory that all behaviors are conditioned

Question 15

Positive reinforcers

Answer 15

increase the frequency of
behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.

Question 16

Negative reinforcers

Answer 16

increase the frequency of a behavior, by removing something unpleasant

Question 17

Difference between positive and negative punishment and enforcement?

Answer 17

• Positive means adding
• Negative means taking away

Question 18

Escape learning

Answer 18

the animal experiences
the unpleasant stimulus and, acquires a specific response to escape/remove it in order to trigger the removal of the stimulus.

Question 19

Avoidance learning

Answer 19

displays the desired behavior in
anticipation of the unpleasant stimulus, thereby avoiding the unpleasant stimulus.

Question 20

Positive Punishment

Answer 20

adds an unpleasant
consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior

Question 21

Negative Punishment

Answer 21

removing a stimulus in order to cause reduction of
a behavior

Question 22

Which reinforcement schedule is more affective?

Answer 22

variable-ratio works the fastest for learning a new
behavior, and is also the most resistant to extinction.

Question 23

Shaping

Answer 23

which is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors that become closer to a desired response.

Question 24

Latent Learning

Answer 24

learning that occurs
without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is
introduced.

Question 25

Problem Solving

Answer 25

method of learning that steps outside the standard behaviorist approach.

Question 26

Preparedness

Answer 26

Animals are most able to learn
behaviors that coincide with their natural behaviors

Question 27

Instinctive (or instinctual) drift

Answer 27

When animals revert to an
instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is similar

Question 28

Mirror Neurons

Answer 28

• neurons are located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex and fire both when an individual performs an action and when that
  individual observes someone else performing that action.
• largely involved in motor processes
• related to empathy and vicarious emotions

Question 29

Modeling

Answer 29

• observational learning
• important factor in determining people’s behavior throughout their lifetime