Memory 3.2 [HY]

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

the process of putting new information into memory

Question 2

Automatic processing

Answer 2

Information gained without any effort. Type of cognitive processing is unintentional, and information is
passively absorbed from the environment

Question 3

Controlled (effortful)
processing

Answer 3

active memorization

Question 4

Visual encoding

Answer 4

visualize information

Question 5

Acoustic encoding

Answer 5

store the way it sounds

Question 6

Elaborative encoding

Answer 6

link it to knowledge that is already in memory

Question 7

Semantic encoding

Answer 7

put it into a meaningful context

Question 8

Self-reference effect

Answer 8

We tend to recall information best when we can put it into the context of our own lives

Question 9

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 9

the repetition of a piece of information to either keep it
within working memory (to prevent forgetting) or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory

Question 10

Method of loci

Answer 10

associating each item in a list with a location along a route
through a building that has already been memorized

Question 11

Peg-word system

Answer 11

associates numbers with items that rhyme with or resemble the numbers.

Question 12

Chunking (Clustering)

Answer 12

memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them
together into groups of elements with related meaning

Question 13

Sensory memory

Answer 13

• preserves information in its original sensory form (auditory, visual)
• Consists of Iconic and Echoic memory
• Fades very quickly

Question 14

Iconic memory

Answer 14

fast decaying memory of visual stimuli

Question 15

Echoic Memory

Answer 15

fast-decaying memory of auditory stimuli

Question 16

Sensory memory experimentation

Answer 16

Research participant is presented with a three-by-three array of letters

Whole report: participant is able to correctly identify three or four letters

Partial Report: list the
letters of a particular row, the participant can do so with 100 percent accuracy

Question 17

Short-term memory

Answer 17

• We do pay attention to some of the information that we are
  exposed to
• short-term memory fades quickly, over the course of
  approximately 30 seconds without rehearsal

Question 18

Memory capacity

Answer 18

the number of items we can hold in our short-term memory at any given time

Question 19

Working memory

Answer 19

• closely related to short-term memory and is similarly
  supported by the hippocampus.
• keep a few pieces of
  information in our consciousness simultaneously and to manipulate that
  information.

Question 20

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 20

• The association of the information to knowledge already stored in long-term
  memory.
• closely tied to the self-reference effect

Question 21

What part does cerebral cortex play in memory?

Answer 21

long-term memory is primarily controlled by the hippocampus, and memories are moved, over time, back to the cerebral cortex

Question 22

Explicit Memory (declarative memory)

Answer 22

• consists of those memories that require conscious recall
• can be further divided into episodic memory and semantic memory
• Subdivision of long-term memory

Question 23

Implicit memory (nondeclarative memory)

Answer 23

• consists of our skills, habits, and conditioned
  responses, none of which need to be consciously recalled
• Subdivision of long-term memory

Question 24

Procedural memory

Answer 24

• Our unconscious memory of the skills required to complete procedural tasks

Question 25

Priming

Answer 25

• Involves the presentation of one stimulus affecting perception of a second

Question 26

Positive priming

Answer 26

• when exposure to the first stimulus improves processing of the second stimulus, as demonstrated by measures such as decreased response time or decreased error rate

Question 27

Negative priming

Answer 27

• the first stimulus interferes with the processing of the second stimulus, resulting in slower response times and more errors.

Question 28

Episodic memory

Answer 28

recollection of life experiences

Question 29

Semantic memory

Answer 29

ideas, concepts, or facts that we know, but are not tied to specific life experiences

Question 30

Autobiographical memory

Answer 30

the name given to our
explicit memories about our lives and ourselves, and includes all of our episodic memories of our own life experiences, but also includes semantic memories that relate to our personal traits and characteristics

Question 31

Retrieval

Answer 31

the process of demonstrating that something that has been learned/retained

Question 32

Recall

Answer 32

the retrieval and
statement of previously learned information, but learning can be additionally demonstrated by recognizing or quickly relearning information

Question 33

Relearning

Answer 33

way of demonstrating that information has been stored in long-term memory

Question 34

Spacing Effect

Answer 34

the longer the amount of time between sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the information later on.

Question 35

Semantic Network

Answer 35

memory not as simply a stockpile of unrelated facts, but rather as a network of interconnected ideas.

Question 36

Spreading Activation

Answer 36

When one node of our semantic network is activated,
such as seeing the word red on a sign, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

Question 37

Recall Cue

Answer 37

being presented with a word or phrase that is close to the desired semantic memory

Question 38

Context Effect

Answer 38

memory is aided by being in the physical location where encoding took place

Question 39

Source monitoring

Answer 39

part of the retrieval process that involves determining the origin of memories, and whether they are factual (real and accurate) or fictional (from a dream, novel, or movie).

Question 40

State-dependent memory (state-dependent effect)

Answer 40

retrieval cue based on performing better when in the same mental state as when the
information was learned

Question 41

Serial-position effect

Answer 41

When researchers give participants a list of items to
memorize, the participants have much higher recall for both the first few and last few items on the list.

Question 42

Primacy (recency effect)

Answer 42

• Tendency to remember early and late items on the list

Question 43

Source amnesia

Answer 43

Inability to remember where, when, or how one has obtained knowledge

Question 44

Alzheimer’s disease

Answer 44

• degenerative brain disorder
  thought to be linked to a loss of acetylcholine in neurons that link to the hippocampus
• tends to proceed in a
  retrograde fashion, with loss of recent memories before distant memories
• neurofibrillary tangles and β-
  amyloid plaques

Question 45

Dementia

Answer 45

(a loss of cognitive function) and memory loss, with atrophy of the brain

Question 46

Korsakoff’s syndrome

Answer 46

• Form of memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency in the brain
• marked by both retrograde amnesia (the loss of previously formed memories) and
• anterograde amnesia (the
  inability to form new memories)

Question 47

Agnosia

Answer 47

the loss of the ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds, though usually only one of the three

Question 48

Decay

Answer 48

memories are simply lost naturally over time as the
neurochemical trace of a short-term memory fades

Question 49

Retention function

Answer 49

• “curve of forgetting”
• For a day or two after learning the list, recall fell sharply but then leveled off.

Question 50

Interference ( interference effect)

Answer 50

a retrieval error caused by the existence of other, usually similar, information

Question 51

Proactive interference

Answer 51

Old information is interfering
with new learning

Question 52

Retroactive interference

Answer 52

when new information causes forgetting of old information

Question 53

Range of memory ability

Answer 53

• there is a larger range of memory ability for 70-year-olds than there is for 20-year-olds.
• People tend not to demonstrate much degeneration in recognition or skill-based memory as they age.
• older individuals having a larger semantic network than
  their younger counterparts.

Question 54

Prospective memory

Answer 54

• remembering to perform
  a task at some point in the future) remains mostly intact when it is event based—
  that is, primed by a trigger event
• time-based prospective memory tend to decline with age

Question 55

Reconstructive memory

Answer 55

a theory of memory recall in which cognitive processes such as imagination, semantic memory, and perception
affect the act of remembering

Question 56

False Memory

Answer 56

• Most memories are encoded with little detail, only
  focusing on the details deemed important in the moment
• if a person repeatedly rehearses the memory in their
  mind, then that person may fill in missing details with unreliable information.

Question 57

Recovered Memories

Answer 57

• Retrieving repressed memories
• not possible to
  distinguish between false memories and recovered memories without evidence and some research

Question 58

Misinformation effect

Answer 58

a person’s recall of an event becomes less accurate due to the injection of outside information into the memory

Question 59

Intrusion errors

Answer 59

• false memories that have included a false detail
  into a particular memory
• the intruding memory is injected into original memory due to both memories
  being related or sharing a theme.
• similar to the misinformation effect but distinct in that the intrusion error is not from an outside source.

Question 60

Source-monitoring error

Answer 60

confusion between semantic and episodic memory: a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained.