Problem Solving and Decision Making 4.2 [HY] Flashcards
Mental Set
- tendency to approach similar problems in the same way.
Functional fixedness
the inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
Algorithm
formula or procedure for solving a certain type of
problem.
Deductive (top-down) reasoning
- starts from a set of general rules and draws conclusions from the information given
Inductive (bottom-up) reasoning
- seeks to create a theory via
generalizations - type of reasoning starts with specific instances, and
then draws a conclusion from them
Availability heuristic
A heuristic used when we base the likelihood of an event on how easily examples of that event come to mind.
representativeness heuristic
categorizing items on the basis of whether they fit the prototypical, stereotypical, or representative image of
the category.
Base rate fallacy
Using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring actual numerical information
Disconfirmation principle
the evidence obtained from testing demonstrated that the solution does not
work.
Confirmation bias
the tendency to focus on information that fits an individual’s beliefs, while
rejecting information that goes against them
Hindsight bias
the tendency for people to overestimate their ability
to predict the outcome of events that already happened
Belief perseverance
the inability to reject a
particular belief despite clear evidence to the contrary
recognition primed
decision model
sorting through a
wide variety of information to match a pattern
Interpersonal intelligence
- ability to detect and navigate the moods and motivations of others.
- centers around being mindful of one’s own emotions, strengths, and weaknesses, which can provide clear guidance what role one should take in a group or society.
Gardeners intelligences
linguistic, logical–mathematical, musical, visual–
spatial, bodily–kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist
