Socialization 8.2 [HY]

Question 1

Socialization

Answer 1

• When discussing the process of
  developing, inheriting, and spreading norms, customs, and beliefs.
• Individuals gain the knowledge, skills, habits, and behaviors that are necessary for inclusion in society

Question 2

Cultural transmission

Answer 2

• Beliefs, customs, and cultural norms passed gen to gen

Question 3

Cultural diffusion

Answer 3

• Beliefs, customs, and cultural norms passed culture to culture

Question 4

Primary socialization

Answer 4

• occurs during childhood when we initially learn acceptable actions and attitudes in our society, primarily through observation of our caregivers and other adults in close proximity.

Question 5

Secondary socialization

Answer 5

• Process of learning appropriate behavior within smaller sections of the larger society
• Behavior in school vs home

Question 6

Anticipatory socialization

Answer 6

• process by which a person prepares for future changes in occupations, living situations, or relationships.

Question 7

Resocialization

Answer 7

• another process by which one discards old behaviors in favor of new ones, typically through intensive retraining, and can have positive or negative connotations.
  *Cults, and army

Question 8

Mores

Answer 8

• widely observed social norms

Question 9

Sanctions

Answer 9

Penalties for misconduct or rewards for appropriate behavior

Question 10

Formal Sanctions

Answer 10

enforced by formal social
institutions i.e. governments, employers.

Question 11

Informal sanctions

Answer 11

enforced by social groups

Question 12

Folkways

Answer 12

• norms that refer to behavior that is considered polite in particular social interactions
• Ex: bowing at karate match

Question 13

Agent of socialization

Answer 13

• Any part of society that is important when learning social norms and values

Question 14

Deviance

Answer 14

any violation of norms, rules, or expectations within a society.

Question 15

Labeling theory

Answer 15

• the labels given to a person affect not only how others respond to that person, but also affect that person’s self-image.
• Labels can lead to channeling of behavior into deviance or
  conformity.

Question 16

Role engulfment

Answer 16

• Internalizing a label and assuming the role implied by the label may lead to the assumed role taking over a person’s identity

Question 17

Differential association theory

Answer 17

• Deviance, particularly criminal behavior, can be learned through interactions with others.
• intimate exposure to others who engage in deviant behavior lays the groundwork for people to engage in deviant behavior themselves

Question 18

Strain theory

Answer 18

• Deviance is result of strain between social goals, and ability to achieve them in a societal structure
• deviance provides a clear perception of social norms and acceptable boundaries, encourages unity within society, and can even promote social change

Question 19

What is conformity also known as?

Answer 19

Majority Influence

Question 20

Normative conformity

Answer 20

desire to fit into a group because of fear of rejection.

Question 21

Internalization

Answer 21

• involves changing one’s behavior to fit with a group while also privately agreeing with the ideas of the group
• internalization also reflects a change in internal thoughts to agree with the idea

Question 22

Identification

Answer 22

• the outward acceptance of others’ ideas without personally taking on these ideas.
• identification is acceptance of the idea on the surface level without internalizing it.

Question 23

Compliance

Answer 23

change in behavior based on a direct request
- deals with requests made by people without actual
authority over an individual (opposite of obediance)

Question 24

foot-in the- door technique

Answer 24

begins with a small request, and after gaining compliance, a larger request is made.

Question 25

Door-in-the-face technique

Answer 25

a large request is made at first and, if refused, a second, smaller request is made.

Question 26

that’s-not-all technique

Answer 26

an individual is made an offer, but before making a decision, is told the deal is even better than expected.

Question 27

Obedience

Answer 27

• changing one’s behavior in response to a direct order or expectation expressed by an authority figure

Question 28

Milgram Experiment

Answer 28

• As the learners acted more and more uncomfortable, the teachers became less willing to increase the shock voltage. However, by using increasingly demanding language (from Please continue to You have no other choice, you must go on),
  the researchers were able to get 65 percent of the participants to administer shocks to the maximum of 450 V, even if they showed discomfort in doing so.
• This type of experiment has been repeated many times and has consistently shown that more than 60 percent of people will obey even if they do not wish to continue