Social Behavior 10.1 [HY] Flashcards
Interpersonal attraction
Individuals liking each other
Factors that affect attraction
- similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity. Also Outward appearance
- Humans are also
attracted to individuals with certain body proportions approximating the
golden ratio (1.618:1) - people are drawn to having their values and choices validated by another person
Self-disclosure
sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy
Reciprocal liking
the phenomenon whereby people like others better
when they believe the other person likes them
Mere exposure effect (familiarity effect)
the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.
Amygdala (context of aggression)
- responsible for telling us whether or not something is a threat. If the amygdala is activated, this increases aggression
- the prefrontal cortex, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.
Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to increased aggressive behavior
Cognitive neo-association model
- we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.
Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment results
- viewing violent behavior indeed correlates to an increase in aggressive behavior.
Secure attachment
seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is
able to go out and explore, knowing that there is a secure base to return to
Insecure attachment
- Children with avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment can have
deficits in social skills.
Avoidant attachment
- when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child
Ambivalent attachment
occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately,
sometimes neglectfully.
Anxious–ambivalent attachment
the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver
Disorganized attachment
- show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors.
- avoidance or resistance;
seeming dazed, frozen, or confused; or repetitive behaviors like rocking. Disorganized attachment is often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver. It may also be a red flag for abuse
Social Support
- the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.
- emotional, esteem, material, informational, and network support
- I.e. Empathy, Encouragement, Money, & Info
- Social support helps reduce psychological distress such as
anxiety and depression - low social support show higher levels of major mental disorders, alcohol and drug use, and suicidal ideation.
- low social support have a higher mortality risk from many different diseases
Mate bias
- refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
- direct benefits: providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support to mate
- indirect benefits: promoting better survival in offspring
5 mechanisms of mate choice
- Phenotypic benefits: observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex.
- Sensory bias: development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population.
- Fisherian (runaway selection): a trait is deemed sexually desirable and thus is more likely to be passed on
- Indicator traits: signify overall good health and well-being of
an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates. - Genetic compatibility: the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics
Empathy–altruism hypothesis
one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior
Game Theory
- defined by its players, the information and actions available to each player at decision points, and the payoffs associated with each outcome.
- game payoffs refer to fitness
Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)
- When an ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising.
- The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being
becoming more fit than competitors
Hawk-Dove game, Strategic Alternatives for Socially Influenced Competitors
- Altruism, Cooperation, Spite, Selfishness
Inclusive fitness
- measure of an organism’s
success in the population (species as a whole not just offspring) - the idea that altruistic behavior can improve the fitness and success of a
species as a whole
