Social Behavior 10.1 [HY]

Question 1

Interpersonal attraction

Answer 1

Individuals liking each other

Question 2

Factors that affect attraction

Answer 2

• similarity, self-disclosure, reciprocity, and proximity. Also Outward appearance
• Humans are also
  attracted to individuals with certain body proportions approximating the
  golden ratio (1.618:1)
• people are drawn to having their values and choices validated by another person

Question 3

Self-disclosure

Answer 3

sharing one’s fears, thoughts, and goals with another person and being met with nonjudgmental empathy

Question 4

Reciprocal liking

Answer 4

the phenomenon whereby people like others better
when they believe the other person likes them

Question 5

Mere exposure effect (familiarity effect)

Answer 5

the tendency for people to prefer stimuli that they have been exposed to more frequently.

Question 6

Amygdala (context of aggression)

Answer 6

• responsible for telling us whether or not something is a threat. If the amygdala is activated, this increases aggression
• the prefrontal cortex, can hit the brakes on a revved-up amygdala, reducing emotional reactivity and impulsiveness.
  Reduced activity in the prefrontal cortex has been linked to increased aggressive behavior

Question 7

Cognitive neo-association model

Answer 7

• we are more likely to respond to others aggressively whenever we are feeling negative emotions, such as being tired, sick, frustrated, or in pain.

Question 8

Bandura’s Bobo doll experiment results

Answer 8

• viewing violent behavior indeed correlates to an increase in aggressive behavior.

Question 9

Secure attachment

Answer 9

seen when a child has a consistent caregiver and is
able to go out and explore, knowing that there is a secure base to return to

Question 10

Insecure attachment

Answer 10

• Children with avoidant, ambivalent, or disorganized attachment can have
  deficits in social skills.

Question 11

Avoidant attachment

Answer 11

• when the caregiver has little or no response to a distressed child

Question 12

Ambivalent attachment

Answer 12

occurs when a caregiver has an inconsistent response to a child’s distress, sometimes responding appropriately,
sometimes neglectfully.

Question 13

Anxious–ambivalent attachment

Answer 13

the child is always anxious about the reliability of the caregiver

Question 14

Disorganized attachment

Answer 14

• show no clear pattern of behavior in response to the caregiver’s absence or presence, but instead can show a mix of different behaviors.
• avoidance or resistance;
  seeming dazed, frozen, or confused; or repetitive behaviors like rocking. Disorganized attachment is often associated with erratic behavior and social withdrawal by the caregiver. It may also be a red flag for abuse

Question 15

Social Support

Answer 15

• the perception or reality that one is cared for by a social network.
• emotional, esteem, material, informational, and network support
• I.e. Empathy, Encouragement, Money, & Info
• Social support helps reduce psychological distress such as
  anxiety and depression
• low social support show higher levels of major mental disorders, alcohol and drug use, and suicidal ideation.
• low social support have a higher mortality risk from many different diseases

Question 16

Mate bias

Answer 16

• refers to how choosy members of the species are while choosing a mate
• direct benefits: providing material advantages, protection, or emotional support to mate
• indirect benefits: promoting better survival in offspring

Question 17

5 mechanisms of mate choice

Answer 17

• Phenotypic benefits: observable traits that make a potential mate more attractive to the opposite sex.
• Sensory bias: development of a trait to match a preexisting preference that exists in the population.
• Fisherian (runaway selection): a trait is deemed sexually desirable and thus is more likely to be passed on
• Indicator traits: signify overall good health and well-being of
  an organism, increasing its attractiveness to mates.
• Genetic compatibility: the creation of mate pairs that, when combined, have complementary genetics

Question 18

Empathy–altruism hypothesis

Answer 18

one explanation for the relationship between empathy and helping behavior

Question 19

Game Theory

Answer 19

• defined by its players, the information and actions available to each player at decision points, and the payoffs associated with each outcome.
• game payoffs refer to fitness

Question 20

Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS)

Answer 20

• When an ESS is adopted by a given population in a specific environment, natural selection will prevent alternative strategies from arising.
• The strategies are thus inherited traits passed along with the population, with the object of the game being
  becoming more fit than competitors

Question 21

Hawk-Dove game, Strategic Alternatives for Socially Influenced Competitors

Answer 21

• Altruism, Cooperation, Spite, Selfishness

Question 22

Inclusive fitness

Answer 22

• measure of an organism’s
  success in the population (species as a whole not just offspring)
• the idea that altruistic behavior can improve the fitness and success of a
  species as a whole