Personality 6.3 [HY] Flashcards
Identity vs Personality
identity describes who we are, while personality describes how we act and react to the world around us.
The Psychoanalytic Perspective of Personality
all have in common the assumption of unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality.
Id
Basic primal survival urges
Pleasure Principles
want immediate gratification to resolve urge
Primary Process
Response to tension of not resolving urge, via wish fulfillment (daydreaming)
Reality principle
- taking into account objective reality as it guides or inhibits the activity of the id and the id’s pleasure principle.
- aim of the reality principle is to postpone the pleasure principle until satisfaction can actually be obtained
- Guidance is secondary process
Ego
- Response to unfulfilled Id
- ego can be understood to be the organizer of the mind: it receives its power from—and can never be fully independent of—the id.
- responsible for moderating the desires of the superego
Secondary Process
Uses reality principle to cope with pleasure principle
Superego
- Needs are refined
and focused on the ideal self - personality’s perfectionist,
judging our actions and responding with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures. - Subsystems of superego:
conscience: is a collection of the improper actions for which a child is punished
ego-ideal: consists of those proper actions for which a child is rewarded
Preconscious
thoughts that we aren’t currently aware of
Unconscious
thoughts that have been
repressed
Eros
- promote an individual’s quest for survival through thirst,
hunger, and sexual needs
Thanatos
- Death instincts represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction
Reaction formation
- when an individual suppresses urges by unconsciously converting these urges into their exact opposites.
- Ex. Pining for celebrity and expressing hate
Thematic apperception test
- consists of a series of pictures that are presented to the client, who is asked to make up a story about each one.
- Elucidating unconscious thoughts and feelings
Sublimation
Channeling of an unacceptable impulse in a socially acceptable
direction
Jung
- preferred to think of libido as psychic energy in general, not just psychic energy rooted in sexuality
- identified the ego as the conscious mind, and he divided the unconscious into two
parts: personal unconscious - like freud’s and Collective Unconscious - a powerful system that is shared among all humans and considered to be a
residue of the experiences of our early ancestors
Jung Archetypes
- Persona—the aspect of our personality we present to the world
- Anima—a “man’s inner woman”
- Animus—a “woman’s inner man”
- Shadow—unpleasant and socially reprehensible thoughts, feelings, and actions
experienced in the unconscious mind
Jung’s idea of self
point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious, and the conscious mind.
word association testing
- to assess how unconscious elements may be influencing
the conscious mind and thus the self. - believed that patient responses, in combination with evaluating mood and speed of response, would reveal elements of the unconscious
Myers–Briggs Type Inventory (MBTI)
- Each of Jung’s three dichotomies, and a fourth—judging vs perceiving
-Extraversion (E) vs Introversion (I) - Sensing (S) vs Intuiting (N)
- Thinking (T) vs Feeling (F)
- Judging (J) vs Perceiving (P)
*My results INFJ
* Intuiting is abstract thought
Creative self
the force by which individuals shape their uniqueness and establish their personality
Style of Life (Adler)
the manifestation of the creative self and describes a person’s unique way of
achieving superiority.
fictional finalism (Adler)
the notion that individuals are motivated more by their expectations of the future than by past experiences.
Neurotic Needs (Horney)
- Each of these needs
is directed toward making life and interactions bearable. - need for affection and approval, the need to exploit
others, and the need for self-sufficiency and independence - needs become problematic if they fit at least one of four criteria: they are disproportionate in intensity, they are indiscriminate in application, they partially disregard reality, or they have a tendency to provoke intense
anxiety.
Object Relations Theory
Falls under the realm of psychodynamic
theories of personality. In this context, object refers to the representation of caregivers based on subjective experiences during early infancy
Humanistic Perspective
focus on the value of individuals and take a more person-centered approach,
describing those ways in which healthy people strive toward self-realization
Gestalt therapy
- practitioners tend to take a holistic view of the self, seeing each individual as a complete
person rather than reducing the person to individual behaviors or drives - our personality is the result of the conscious feelings we
have for ourselves as we attempt to attain our needs and goals.
Force Field Theory (Lewin)
- focused little on an individual’s past or future,
focusing instead on situations in the present - defined the field as one’s
current state of mind, which was simply the sum of the forces (influences)
on the individual at that time. - these forces could
be divided into two large groups: those assisting in our attainment of goals
and those blocking the path to them - State of mind categorized by influence if neg or pos.
Peak Experiences
profound and deeply moving
experiences in a person’s life that have important and lasting effects on the
individual
Personal construct psychology (Kelly)
a person who devises and tests
predictions about the behavior of significant people in the individual’s life. the individual constructs a scheme of anticipation of what others will do, based on knowledge, perception, and relationships with these other people.
Client-centered, Person-centered (Rogers)
Rather than providing solutions or diagnoses, the person-centered therapist helps clients
reflect on problems, make choices, generate solutions, take positive action, and determine their own destiny.
Unconditional positive regard
a therapeutic technique by which the therapist accepts the client completely and expresses
empathy in order to promote a positive therapeutic environment
Type theorists
attempt to create a taxonomy of personality types
Trait theorists
prefer to describe individual personality as the sum of a person’s characteristic behaviors
Greek Personality Types
- based on humors or
body fluids, an imbalance of which could lead to various personality disorders - Blood, Yellow Bile, Phlegm, & Black Bile
Somatotypes
proposed personality types based on body type
PEN model
- Psychoticism is a measure of nonconformity or social deviance.
- Extraversion is a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation.
- Neuroticism is a measure of emotional arousal in stressful
situations.
Big 5 traits with Mneumonic
OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
Negative Affect
- related to neuroticism
- how a person thinks of themselves and experiences negative emotions.
- High negative affect corresponds with neuroticism and anxiety
Trait theory (Allport)
- listed three basic types of traits or dispositions: cardinal, central, and secondary
- Cardinal traits are traits
around which people organize their lives. - Central traits represent major characteristics of the personality that are easy to infer, such as honesty or charisma
- Secondary traits are other personal characteristics that are more limited in occurrence: aspects of one’s personality that only appear in close groups or specific social situations
- Functional autonomy: a behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created the behavior.
Personality Trait the need
for achievement (N-Ach) (McClelland)
People who are rated high in N-Ach tend to be concerned with achievement and have pride in their accomplishments. These individuals avoid high risks (to avoid failing) and low risks (because easy tasks will not generate a sense of achievement).
Behaviorist perspective
- Based heavily on the concepts of operant conditioning reasoned that personality is simply a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time.
- Token economy: are often used in inpatient therapeutic settings: positive behavior is rewarded with tokens that
can be exchanged for privileges, treats, or other reinforcers.
Social cognitive perspective
how our environment influences our behavior, but also on how we interact with that environment
Reciprocal determinism
- refers to the idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given
situation. - People choose environments that suit their personalities, and their personalities determine how they will feel about and react to events in those
environments.
Biological perspective
holds that personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain
Dispositional approach
(Behavior)
behavior is primarily determined by an individual’s personality
Situational approach
behavior is primarily determined by the environment and context
