Social Class 12.1 [HY]

Question 1

Social cohesion

Answer 1

the solidarity and sense of connectedness among different social groups and social classes in society

Question 2

Social stratification

Answer 2

focuses on social inequalities and studies the basic question of who gets what and why

Question 3

Ascribed status

Answer 3

derives from clearly identifiable characteristics, such as age, gender, and skin color

Question 4

Achieved status

Answer 4

acquired via direct, individual efforts. In other words, ascribed status is involuntary, while achieved status is obtained through hard work or merit

Question 5

Educational attainment

Answer 5

the highest degree obtained, or number of years of education completed

Question 6

Socioeconomic gradient

Answer 6

proportional improvement in healthcare as one moves up in socioeconomic status

Question 7

Power

Answer 7

ability to affect others’ behavior through real or perceived rewards and punishments, and is based on the unequal distribution of valued resources

Question 8

Class consciousness

Answer 8

• refers to the organization of the working class around shared goals and recognition of a need for collective political action
• the proletariat could revolt and take control of the political and economic system, laying the groundwork for a socialist
  state.

Question 9

False consciousness

Answer 9

a misperception of one’s actual position within society

Question 10

Anomie

Answer 10

• further accelerates social inequality
• refers to a lack of widely
  accepted social norms and the breakdown of social bonds between an individual and society

Question 11

Strain theory

Answer 11

• focuses on how anomic conditions can lead to deviance
• erode social solidarity

Question 12

Social Solidarity

Answer 12

the sense of community and social cohesion

Question 13

How does social trust form?

Answer 13

• from two primary sources: social norms of reciprocity and social networks

Question 14

Social capital

Answer 14

• the investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards
• Higher lvl means higher social integration
• the benefits one receives from group association

Question 15

Social integration

Answer 15

the movement of new or underrepresented populations into a larger culture while maintaining their ethnic identities

Question 16

Inequality created by social networks

Answer 16

• situational (socioeconomic advantage) and positional (based on how
  connected one is within a network and one’s centrality within that network)
• Inequality in networks creates and reinforces privilege

Question 17

Cultural capital

Answer 17

• the benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities,
  and skills.

Question 18

Strong Ties

Answer 18

peer group and kinship contacts, which are quantitatively small but qualitatively powerful

Question 19

Weak ties

Answer 19

social connections that are personally superficial, such as associates, but that are large in number and provide connections to a wide range of other individuals

Question 20

Intersectionality

Answer 20

the compounding of disadvantage seen in individuals who belong to more than one underserved group

Question 21

Social mobility (structural
mobility)

Answer 21

typically the result of an economic and occupational structure that allows one to acquire higher-level employment opportunities given proper credentials and experience requirements

Question 22

Intragenerational mobility

Answer 22

changes in social status that happen within a person’s lifetime

Question 23

Intergenerational mobility

Answer 23

changes in social status from parents to children

Question 24

Meritocracy

Answer 24

a social structure in which intellectual talent and achievement are means for a person to advance up the social ladder

Question 25

Plutocracy

Answer 25

a rule by the upper classes

Question 26

Vertical mobility

Answer 26

Upward and downward mobility

Question 27

Horizontal mobility

Answer 27

change in occupation or lifestyle by an individual that keeps that individual within the same social class

Question 28

Social reproduction

Answer 28

- Ex. Social inequality, especially poverty (but also inherited wealth), can be reproduced or passed on from one generation to the next

Question 29

Structural poverty

Answer 29

“holes” in the structure of society being more responsible for poverty than the actions of any individual.

Question 30

Social exclusion

Answer 30

can arise from a sense of powerlessness when individuals who are poor or otherwise disadvantaged feel segregated and isolated from society

Question 31

Spatial inequality

Answer 31

- focuses on social stratification across territories and their populations - Space can be used to reinforce existing inequalities and can even amplify their effects, particularly poverty,

Question 32

Urban renewal

Answer 32

- City land is reclaimed and renovated for public or private use - often fueled by gentrification

Question 33

"Doughnut" of Socioeconomic Status

Answer 33

Urban centers tend to contain lower- SES communities, surrounded by a ring of middle- to upper-SES suburbs. Further out are lower-SES exurbs and rural areas.

Question 34

World system theory

Answer 34

categorizes countries and emphasizes the inequalities of the division of labor at the global level

Question 35

Core nations

Answer 35

focus on higher skills and higher paying productions

Question 36

Peripheral nations

Answer 36

- Have lower-skilled productions

Question 37

Semi-peripheral nations

Answer 37

midway between the two—these nations work toward becoming core nations, while having many characteristics of peripheral nations.