Influences on Behavior (1.5) [HY] Flashcards
Acetycholine Effects
- Voluntary muscle control
- parasympathetic nervous system
- Attention
- Alertness
- peripheral nervous system (transmit nerve impluse)
- Sympathetic Nervous (ganglia for sweat glands)
- CNS (attention and arousal)
Epinephrine (adrenaline) and Norepinephrine (noradrenaline) Effects
- Fight-or-flight responses
- Wakefulness
- Alertness
- secreted from the adrenal medulla
- Low levels of norepinephrine are associated with depression; high levels are associated
with anxiety and mania.
What are the three catecholamines?
Epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
- important for emotions
- Classified as monoamines or biogenic amines
Dopamine Effects
- Smooth movements
- postural stability
Serotonin Effects
-Mood
-Sleep
- Eating
- Dreaming
- Too much = Mania
- Too little = Depression
GABA and Glycine Effects
- Brain “stabilization”
- Produces inhibitory
postsynaptic potentials (hyperpolarizes)
Glutamine Effects
Brain excitation
Endorphin Effects
Natural painkillers
Glycine Effects
- Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS by increasing Cl influx into the neuron.
- Hyperpolarizes like GABA
Glutamate Effects
- Neurotransmitter in the CNS
- Excitatory transmitter
Neuromodulators (Neuropeptides)
- relatively slow and have longer effects on the postsynaptic cell than neurotransmitters
- Endorphins are peptides
Hypothalamus and the endocrine and CNS?
- links the endocrine and nervous system
- regulates the hormonal function of the pituitary gland.
Hypophyseal Portal System
- directly connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- endocrine releases hormones through this
Anterior Pituitary “master”
- releases hormones
that regulate activities of endocrine glands elsewhere in the body - Controlled by the hypothalamus
- Hormones travel to endocrine glands and activate them
Adrenal Medulla
- releases epinephrine and norepinephrine (sympathetic nervous)
Adrenal Cortex
- Produces hormones like : corticosteroids, including cortisol
: testosterone and estrogen
What is the evidence for inherited behavior?
- Many behaviors are species specific
- Behaviors are also seen to run in families and pass down
How do family studies work?
Researchers may compare
rates of a given trait among family members to rates of that trait among unrelated individuals.
Limitation of family studies?
- Cannot distinguish
shared environmental factors from shared genetic factors
What is a concordance rate?
- The likelihood that both twins exhibit the same
trait
