Demographics 11.3 [HY]

Question 1

life course perspective

Answer 1

Considering an individual’s age and cumulative life experiences when analyzing their personality, social status, health, and other social metrics

Question 2

Dependency ratio

Answer 2

the ratio of the number of members of a population that are not in the workforce to the
number of members that are in the workforce.

Question 3

Youth ratio

Answer 3

the number of people under the age of 15 divided by the number of people aged 15–65.

Question 4

Age dependency ratio

Answer 4

the dependency ratio quantifies the economic burden felt by the working age population (15–65) in order to support the portion of the population outside of the workforce (under 15 and over 65)

Question 5

Stable population

Answer 5

when a population’s fertility rate and mortality rate remain relatively consistent over a long period of time

Question 6

Gender stratification

Answer 6

defined as any inequality in access to social resources that is based on gender

Question 7

Reason race is a social construct (other than no bio reasons)

Answer 7

no other country uses these same five racial labels, and in fact the officially recognized races differ in each country. So, there is no uniform agreement about racial categories; rather each society generates its own racial labels, making race a social construct.

Question 8

Ethnicity

Answer 8

shared language, cultural heritage, religion, and/or national origin

Question 9

Symbolic ethnicity

Answer 9

• a specific connection to one’s ethnicity in which ethnic symbols and identity remain important, even when ethnic
  identity does not play a significant role in everyday life.

Question 10

Intersectionality

Answer 10

interplay between multiple demographic factors especially when it leads to discrimination or oppression

Question 11

Population pyramids

Answer 11

a histogram of the population size of various age cohorts

Question 12

Crude rate

Answer 12

• Measures birth and mortality rates using the # of new cases or events in a specific population per year
• (adjusted to a certain population size over a specific period of time and multiplied by a constant to give a whole number)

Question 13

Pull factors

Answer 13

positive attributes of the new location that attract new residents

Question 14

Push factors

Answer 14

negative attributes of the old location that encourage existing residents to leave

Question 15

What are the trends for age, size, and diversity in the U.S?

Answer 15

getting bigger, older (average age has increased), and more diverse (through immigration, mobility, and intermarriage)

Question 16

Demographic transition

Answer 16

occurs as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrial economic system

Question 17

Demographic transition theory

Answer 17

• Explains link between economic development and demographic shift in four stages.
• Stage 1: Preindustrial society; birth and death rates are both high, resulting in a stable population.
  Stage 2: Economic progress leads to improvements to healthcare, nutrition, sanitation, and wages, causing a decrease in death rates. thus,
  total population increases.
  Stage 3: Improvements in contraception, women’s rights, and a shift from an agricultural to an industrial economy cause birth rates to drop.
  Stage 4: An industrialized society; birth and death rates are both low, resulting in a relative constant total population
• fifth stage of demographic transition
  theory in which birth rates continue to drop and fall below the death rate, resulting in a decline of total population.

Question 18

What happens during demographic transition?

Answer 18

mortality rate drops before birth rate. Therefore, the
population grows at first while mortality rate is dropping, and then plateaus as the birth rate
decreases as well.

Question 19

Malthusian theory

Answer 19

• demographic transition among developing nations might cause growth in the world’s population to outpace the world’s ability to generate food.

Question 20

Malthusian catastrophe

Answer 20

hypothetical mass starvation

Question 21

Relative deprivation

Answer 21

decrease in resources, representation, or agency relative to the whole of society, or relative to what the group is
accustomed to from the past.

Question 22

Proactive (social movements)

Answer 22

promote social change

Question 23

Reactive (social movements)

Answer 23

resist social change

Question 24

Urbanization

Answer 24

• dense areas of population creating a pull for migration