Formation of Identity 6.2 [HY]

Question 1

Freud’s theory of human psychological processes

Answer 1

Believed that libidinal energy and the drive to reduce libidinal tension were the underlying dynamic forces that accounted for human psychological
processes.

Question 2

Fixation (Freud)

Answer 2

• occurs when a child is overindulged or overly frustrated during a stage of development.
• In response
  to the anxiety caused by fixation, the child forms a personality pattern based
  on that particular stage, which persists into adulthood as neurosis

*Kid has neurosis if overly indulged or frustrated as a kid

Question 3

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

Answer 3

Oral 0-1: Libidinal energy centered on the mouth; fixation can lead to excessive dependency
Anal 1-3: Toilet training occurs during this time; fixation can lead to excessive orderliness
or messiness
Phallic 3-5: Oedipal or Electra conflict is resolved during this stage
Latency: Libido is largely sublimated during this stage
Genital: Begins at puberty; in theory, if previous stages have been successfully resolved,
the person will enter into heterosexual relationships
Mneumonic:
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Question 4

Erikson: Psychosocial Development

Answer 4

• personality development is driven by the successful resolution of a series of social and emotional conflicts.
• Trust vs. mistrust 0 to 1 year
• Autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1 to 3 years
• Initiative vs. guilt 3 to 6 years (Is it okay for me to do, move, and act?)
• Industry vs. inferiority 6 to 12 years (Can I make it in the world of people and
  things?)
• Identity vs. role confusion 12 to 20 years
• Intimacy vs. isolation 20 to 40 years
• Generativity vs. stagnation 40 to 65 years (Can I make my life count?)
• Integrity vs. despair 65 years to death (Is it okay to have been me?)

Question 5

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

Answer 5

• focuses not on urges or on resolving conflicts, but rather on the development of moral thinking
• Preconventional morality Preadolescence
  1: Obedience
  2: Self-interest
• Conventional morality Adolescence to adulthood
  3: Conformity
  4: Law and order
• Postconventional morality
  Adulthood (if at all)
  5: Social contract
  6: Universal human ethics

Question 6

Vygotsky: Cultural and Biosocial Development

Answer 6

• the engine driving cognitive development was the child’s internalization of various aspects of culture: rules, symbols, language, and so on

Question 7

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

Answer 7

-skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are
in the process of development

Question 8

Theory of mind

Answer 8

ability to sense how another’s mind works

Question 9

Looking-glass self

Answer 9

• understanding of how others see us, which relies on perceiving a reflection of ourselves based on the words and actions of others

Question 10

Reference group

Answer 10

the group that we use as a standard to evaluate ourselves.