Elements of Social Interaction 9.1 [HY]

Question 1

Ascribed status

Answer 1

one that is given involuntarily (usually at birth), due to
such factors as race, ethnicity, sex, and family background

Question 2

Achieved status

Answer 2

status that is gained as a result of one’s efforts or choices

Question 3

Master status

Answer 3

• Status by which a person is most identified
• Typically the most important status the individual holds

Question 4

Role performance

Answer 4

the carrying out of behaviors associated with a given role

Question 5

Role partner

Answer 5

the person with whom one is interacting

Question 6

Role set

Answer 6

various roles associated with a
status

Question 7

Role conflict

Answer 7

difficulty in satisfying the requirements or expectations of multiple roles

Question 8

Role strain

Answer 8

the difficulty in satisfying multiple requirements of
the same role

Question 9

Role exit

Answer 9

the dropping of one identity for another

Question 10

In-group

Answer 10

a social group with which a person experiences a sense of
belonging or identifies as a member

Question 11

Out-group

Answer 11

a social group with which an individual does not identify

Question 12

Group conflict

Answer 12

• Out-groups can sometimes compete with or oppose in groups
• negative feelings toward an out-group are not
  necessarily based on a sense of dislike but favoritism

Question 13

Reference group

Answer 13

Groups that individuals use as a standard for evaluating themselves.

Question 14

Primary group

Answer 14

interactions between members of the group are direct, with
close bonds providing warm, personal, and intimate relationships to members

Question 15

Secondary group

Answer 15

the interactions are impersonal and businesslike, with few
emotional bonds and with the goal of accomplishing a specific purpose

Question 16

Community and Society (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft)

Answer 16

• Gemeinschaft (community) refers to groups unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry, or
  geography.
• Gesellschaft (society) refers to less personal groups that are formed out of mutual self-interests working together toward the same goal.

Question 17

Interaction process analysis

Answer 17

technique for observing, classifying, and measuring the interactions within small groups

Question 18

System for multiple level observation of groups (SYMLOG)

Answer 18

• based on the belief that there are three fundamental dimensions of interaction: *dominance vs. submission,
  *friendliness vs. unfriendliness, and
  *instrumentally controlled vs. emotionally expressive.

Question 19

Groupthink

Answer 19

related to group conformity and occurs when members focus on reaching a consensus at the cost of critical evaluation of relevant information.

Question 20

Network

Answer 20

• used to describe the observable pattern of social relationships among individuals or groups
• Individuals in networks face the demands and expectations of other members, constraining what they are able to do.

Question 21

Network redundancy

Answer 21

If there are overlapping connections with the same individual

Question 22

Immediate networks

Answer 22

• Are dense with strong ties
• immediate networks may be
  composed of friends

Question 23

Distant networks

Answer 23

• looser and contain weaker ties
• distant networks may include acquaintances

Question 24

Formal organization

Answer 24

• Developed during the Industrial Revolution as a way to maximize efficiency
• Formal aspect derives from
  the explicit goals that guide the members and their activities
• Formal organizations have enforcement procedures that seek to control the activities of their members.
• these organizations are characterized by the hierarchical allotment of formal roles or duties to members. Formal organizations can be quite large.

Question 25

Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Answer 25

-paid, nonelected officials on a fixed salary;
- officials who are provided rights and privileges as a result of making their careers out of holding office
- regular salary increases, seniority rights, and promotions upon passing exams or milestones
- officials who enter the organization by holding an advanced degree or training
- responsibilities, obligations, privileges, and work procedures rigidly defined by the organization
- responsibility for meeting the demands of one’s position.

Question 26

The iron law of oligarchy

Answer 26

• ## democratic or bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group.

Question 27

McDonaldization

Answer 27

commonly used to refer to a shift in focus toward
efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in societal practices.