Motivation 5.1 [HY]

Question 1

Reasons for motivation

Answer 1

• desire to maintain optimal levels of arousal, the drive to reduce uncomfortable states, and the goal of satisfying physiological and psychological needs

Question 2

Instinct theory of motivation

Answer 2

• certain behaviors are based
  on evolutionarily programmed instincts
• 20 Physical Instincts
• 17 mental Instincts
• many of these instincts were in direct conflict with each other and could be overridden by experience
• McDougall, who proposed that humans were led to all
  thoughts and behaviors by 18 distinctive instincts, including flight and acquisition.

Question 3

Arousal theory

Answer 3

• People perform actions in order to maintain an
  optimal level of arousal

Question 4

Yerkes–Dodson law

Answer 4

• a U-shaped function
  between the level of arousal and performance.
• performance is worst at extremely high and low levels of arousal and optimal at some intermediate level
• lower levels are
  optimal for highly cognitive tasks, while higher levels are optimal for activities that require physical endurance and stamina. Further, simple tasks
  generally require slightly higher arousal than complex tasks

Question 5

Ghrelin

Answer 5

Hormone that create hunger and motivate eating

Question 6

Secondary Drives

Answer 6

Those that motivate us to fulfill nonbiological, emotional, or “learned” desires

Question 7

Drive reduction theory

Answer 7

• motivation is based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable states
• internal environment then drives motivation and seeks homeostasis in order to reduce the uncomfortable internal state.

Question 8

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Answer 8

• classified needs into five groups and priorities
• if the lowest level of need is not met, motivation to meet that need will be the highest priority, once met other needs are met in appropriate order
• Highest to Lowest
  Self-Actualization
  Esteem
  Love/Belonging
  Safety
  Physiological

Question 9

4 primary factors that influence motivation

Answer 9

• instincts
• arousal
• drives
• needs

Question 10

Self-determination theory (SDT)

Answer 10

• emphasizes the role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence (the need to complete and excel at difficult tasks); and relatedness (the need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships)

Question 11

Incentive theory

Answer 11

behavior is motivated not by need or arousal, but by the desire to pursue rewards and to avoid punishments.

Question 12

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 12

the amount of motivation needed to reach a goal is the result of both the individual’s expectation of success in reaching the goal and the degree to which the individual values succeeding at the goal.

Question 13

Opponent-process theory

Answer 13

• Explains continuous drug use
• when a drug is taken repeatedly, the body will attempt to counteract the effects of the drug by changing its physiology
• lasts longer than the
  drug, resulting in withdrawal symptoms that are exactly opposite the effects

Question 14

Mechanisms for sexual desire

Answer 14

Phsysiological: Sex Hormones, smell, pleasure and interpretation of pleasure