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Biochem Human Form and Function > Thryoid and GI hormone Test #4 Smith > Flashcards

Thryoid and GI hormone Test #4 Smith Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

-Thyroid gland

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2
Q

T/F

The thyroid gland is extremely well vascularized

A

True

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3
Q

Do you have an active or inactive thyroid gland if you have colloid (thyroglobulin) abundant, large follicles, and cells lining the follicle are flat?

A

Inactive

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4
Q

Do you have an active or inactive thyroid gland if you have small follicles, cells lining the follicle are cuboid, and edges are scalloped with many small resorption gaps resulting from the uptake of colloid?

A

Active

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5
Q

What are the two primary functions of the thyroid?

A
  • Secretion of two biologically active hormones by follicular cells
  • Secretion by parafollicular cells
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6
Q

What do parafollicular cells secrete?

A

-Calcitonin

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7
Q

What is another name for parafollicular cells?

A

-C-cells

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8
Q

What do follicular cells secrete?

A
  • Thyroxine (T4)

- Triiodothyronine (T3)

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9
Q

When does parafollicular cells release calcitonin?

A

-In response to high blood calcium levels

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10
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

-Lower blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting the resorbition of bone by osteoclasts

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11
Q

What hormone is formed from vitamin D

A

1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol

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12
Q

Where is vitamin D processed?

A
  • Liver

- Kidneys

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13
Q

What secretes parathyroid hormone?

A

-Chief cells in the parathyroid gland

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14
Q

What causes Parathyroid (PTH) hormone to be secreted by Chief cells?

A

-Low blood Ca2+

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15
Q

What does 1,25-Dihyroxycholecalciferol do to Ca2+?

A
  • Increases absorption from the intestine

- Increases stores in bone

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16
Q

How does PTH mobilize Ca2+?

A

-Stimulate osteoclasts

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17
Q

What are the thyroid hormones synthesized from?

A
  • Iodine

- Tyrosine

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18
Q

What thyroid hormone is produced exclusively by the thyroid gland?

A

-T4

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19
Q

What thyroid hormone is produced extrahyroidally from its precursor?

A

-T3

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20
Q

What is the precursor for T3?

A

-T4

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21
Q

What is the vast majority of thyroid hormone produced by the thyroid?

A

-T4

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22
Q

What happens to most T4 that is produced?

A

-Gets converted to T3

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23
Q

T/F

T3 is 4x more potent than T4

A

True

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24
Q

Where is most of T3 made?

A

Liver

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25
Q

What is the inactive form of T3?

A

rT3

26
Q

What does the hypothalamus stimulate the anterior pituitary to produce?

A

-TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin)

27
Q

What does thyrotropin/TSH do?

A

-Stimulate thyroid gland to produce T4

28
Q

If you have low T4, low T3 or cold exposure what occurs?

A

-Increase T4 and T3 production

29
Q

T/F

Increasing T4 and T3 is calorgenic

A

True

30
Q

Feedback inhibition at what level most efficiently inhibits TRH secretion?

A

-Anterior pituitary

31
Q

What enzyme is responsible for making T3 from T4?

A

-Deiodinase enzymes

32
Q

T/F

T3 can act independently of HPT axis regulation in peripheral tissues

A

True

33
Q

What do thyroid hormones target?

A
  • Nuclear receptors

- Modulating gene expressions

34
Q

If you are under stress and or fasting the body converts ___ T4 to T3 and ____ T4 to rT3

A

Less

More

35
Q

T/F

Without sufficient iodine thyroid hormones are not released and TSH builds up

A

True

36
Q

The amount of T4 produced and released by the thyroid gland is controlled directly by TSH released by the _____?

A

Anterior pituitary

37
Q

What is the best known stimuli for increasing the rate of TSH secretion by the anterior pituitary?

A

-Exposure to Cold

38
Q

What protein are stores of T3 and T4 found?

A

-Thryoglobulin (TGB)

39
Q

What Thyroid hormone has 4 iodine molecules attached?

A

-T4

40
Q

T/F

5’ deiodination of T4 results in rT3 which is inactive

A

False
5’ deiodination does T4 to T3
5 deiodination does T4 to rT3

41
Q

What is essential to normal thyroid function

A

-Iodine

42
Q

What are the only cells in the body that can absorb iodine?

A

-Thyroid

43
Q

What can cause a Goiter?

A

-Too much TSH or HCG

44
Q

What do patients with IDD most commonly present with?

A

-Goiter

45
Q

What is the most extreme manifestation of severe IDD?

A

-Cretinism

46
Q

What disease is linked to hypothyroidism?

A

-Hashimoto’s disease

47
Q

What disease is linked to hyperthyroidism?

A

-Graves disease

48
Q

What hormone can act in an endocrine, paracrine, and neurocrine fashion in digestion?

A

-CCK

49
Q

What is the source of gastrin?

A

-G cells in stomache

50
Q

What stimulates the release of gastrin?

A

-Stimuli from consumption and peptides in gastric lumen

51
Q

What is the action of gastrin?

A

-Stimulate gastric acid secretion

52
Q

What is the source of CCK?

A

-I cells from duodenum and jejunum

53
Q

What is the stimuli for release of CCK?

A

-Digestive products of fats, fatty acids, and monoglycerides

54
Q

What is the action of CCK?

A

-Contract gall bladder expelling bile into small intestine

55
Q

What is the source of secretin?

A

-S cells in duodenum

56
Q

What is the stimuli for release of secretin?

A

-Acidic pH in lumen of Small intestine

57
Q

What is the action of secretin?

A

-Stimulate pancreas to release bicarbonate

58
Q

What is the source of Gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

-Mucosa of upper small intestine

59
Q

What is the stimuli for release of Gastric inhibitory peptide?

A
  • Fatty acids
  • Amino Acids
  • Carbohydrates
60
Q

What is the action of gastric inhibitory peptide?

A

-Inhibit gastric secretion and increase insulin release

61
Q

What are three major pancreatic hormones?

A
  • Glucagon
  • Insulin
  • Somatostatin

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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