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Biochem Human Form and Function > Female physiology Smith 11/1/16 TEST #3 > Flashcards

Female physiology Smith 11/1/16 TEST #3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the key hormone released from the HPO loop from the hypothalamus?

A

-Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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2
Q

What is the key trophic hormone released from the anterior pituitary during the HPO loop?

A
  • Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

- Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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3
Q

What are the key target hormones released from the ovary in the HPO loop?

A
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone
  • Inhibins
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4
Q

What type of cells provide androgens which stimulate the granulosa cells and produce the circulating estrogens?

A

-Thecal cells

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5
Q

The estrogens released from the thecal cells feedback inhibit what hormones?

A
  • GnRH
  • LH
  • FSH
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6
Q

What do inhibins do?

A

-Inhibit FSH secretion

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7
Q

Where are inhibins released from?

A

-granulosa cells

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8
Q

What stimulates the thecal cells?

A

LH

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9
Q

What stimulates the granulosa cells?

A
  • LH

- FSH

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10
Q

What are the three types of estrogens?

A
  • Estradiol (E2)
  • Estrone (E1)
  • Estriol (E3)
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11
Q

What estrogen hormone is the predominant estrogen during reproductive years?

A

-Estradiol (E2)

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12
Q

What estrogen hormone is predominant in menopause?

A

-Estrone (E1)

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13
Q

What estrogen hormone is predominant in pregnancy?

A

-Estriol (E3)

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14
Q

What are physiological functions of estrogen?

A
  • Sexual maturation
  • Increase CNS excitability
  • Stimulate uterine growth
  • Reduce rate of bone -readsorption
  • Increase HDL
  • Decrease LDL
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15
Q

When is the most fertile time during the menstrual cycle?

A

9-15 days

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16
Q

At what point is Estrogen at a low point?

A

Menses

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17
Q

What hormones does low estrogen during menses cause the pituitary to secrete?

A
  • FSH

- LH

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18
Q

What do FSH and LH do?

A

-Stimulate growth of several preovulatory ovarian follices

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19
Q

Prior to ovulation what acts predominantly on the theca cells?

A

LH

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20
Q

Estradiol (E2) increases, inhibits what hormone release?

A
  • FSH

- LH

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21
Q

What does the inhibited release of FSH and LH do to follicles?

A

-Starve some of the follicles allowing one dominant secondary follicle to survive

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22
Q

What causes the FSH and LH to accumulate in the anterior pituitary?

A

-Prolonged high levels of estrogen

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23
Q

What causes the LH surge?

A

E2 (Estradiol) reach a tipping point

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24
Q

What does the tipping point of E2 levels do to the hypothalamus?

A

-Stimulate the release of more GnRH that tell the Anterior pituitary to release stored LH

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25
Q

What does the LH surge cause?

A

-Ovulation

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26
Q

What are remaining ovarian cells called?

A

-Corpus luteum

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27
Q

What does the corpus luteum produce?

A

-High amounts of progesterone

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28
Q

T/F
The elevated progestrone and estrogen level of the luteal phase will inhibit the pituitary release of LH and FSH that usually helps a second ovulation event occur

A

False

it prevents a second ovulation event

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29
Q

If an egg is not fertilized or doesn’t successfully implant, why do the circulating levels of hormones decline?

A

-Corpus luteum degenerates

30
Q

What does the corpus luteum degenerate to?

A

-Corpus albicans

31
Q

What are menses?

32
Q

Prior to ovulation what hormone dominates?

33
Q

After ovulation what hormone dominates?

A

-Progesterone

34
Q

What allows the delivery of large amounts of circulating steroid precursors (such as cholesterol) and abundant progesterone in ovulation?

A

Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum

35
Q

Where are progestins synthesized?

A
  • Ovary
  • Testes
  • Adrenal cortex
36
Q

What serves as a precursor to synthesis of all estrogens, androgens and adrenocortical steroids?

A

-Progesterone

37
Q

What is a progestational effect of progesterone?

A
  • Prepare uterus for implantation

- Secretory mechanism of the breast

38
Q

What does progesterone to do fat deposition?

A

Increases it

39
Q

What does progesterone do to the CNS?

A

-Decreases CNS excitability

40
Q

What does progesterone do to body temperature?

A

-Increase body temperature

41
Q

What does progesterone do to pCO2 levels in pregnancy?

A

Decrease them

42
Q

When you have an adequate amount of this hormone the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen and a rhythmic pulsatile release of GnRH begins leading to puberty?

43
Q

What allows the delivery of large amounts of circulating steroid precursors (such as cholesterol) and abundant progesterone in ovulation?

A

Enhanced blood supply to corpus luteum

44
Q

Where are progestins synthesized?

A
  • Ovary
  • Testes
  • Adrenal cortex
45
Q

What serves as a precursor to synthesis of all estrogens, androgens and adrenocortical steroids?

A

-Progesterone

46
Q

What forms E1 in postmenopausal women?

A

-from testosterone by aromatase enzyme

47
Q

What does progesterone to do fat deposition?

A

Increases it

48
Q

What does progesterone do to the CNS?

A

-Decreases CNS excitability

49
Q

What does progesterone do to body temperature?

A

-Increase body temperature

50
Q

What does progesterone do to pCO2 levels in pregnancy?

A

Decrease them

51
Q

When you have an adequate amount of this hormone the hypothalamus becomes less sensitive to estrogen and a rhythmic pulsatile release of GnRH begins leading to puberty?

52
Q

T/F

Ovulation occurs with the first menarche

A

False

2-4 yrs later

53
Q

What type of menopause is caused by loss of inhibition for FSH?

A

-Perimenopause

54
Q

If you have FSH levels that are markedly elevated, are around 36-50 years old and find Estrone (E1) as the high estrogen level what do you have?

A

-Menopause

55
Q

What forms E1 in postmenopausal women?

A

-from testosterone by aromatase enzyme

56
Q

What do trophoblast cells secrete upon implantation?

A

-Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

57
Q

What does hCG do?

A

-support the corpus luteum

58
Q

What does the placenta do at 8 weeks?

A
  • Progesterone

- Estrogen

59
Q

What does milk ejection after birth?

60
Q

What do you monitor to see the index of fetus condition?

A

-Maternal urine estriol excretion

61
Q

What does estrogen do in parturition?

A

-Induce uterine oxytocin receptor expression

62
Q

What does oxytocin do in parturition?

A
  • Causes contractions

- Induces release of placental prostaglandins

63
Q

What does relaxin do in parturition?

A

-Peptide hormone to relax the cervix and pelvic ligaments

64
Q

During pregnancy what is prolactin control said to be under?

A

-Predominant inhibitory control

65
Q

What two hormones are continuously produced by the hypothalamus during pregnancy?

A
  • PIF (prolactin inhibitory factor)

- DA (dopamine)

66
Q

T/F
Only when prolactin is needed does the hypothalamus stop production/secretion of DA allowing the anterior pituitary to secrete prolactin.

67
Q

After birth what stimulates milk production?

A

-Prolactin

68
Q

What does milk ejection after birth?

69
Q

What is the first fluid released after birth from the breast?

A

-Colostrum

70
Q

T/F

Oral infections such as gum disease have been linked to preterm birth

71
Q

T/F
Fetal organ development occurs during the first trimester: it is best to avoid all potential risks at this time if possible

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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