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Biochem Human Form and Function > Carbohydrate Metabolism German 9/22/16 > Flashcards

Carbohydrate Metabolism German 9/22/16 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main products of glycolysis?

A

ATP
NADH
pyruvate

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2
Q

What are the main products of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

NADPH

Ribose sugars

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3
Q

What are the main products of the Pyruvate Dehydrogenase complex?

A

Acetyl CoA

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4
Q

What are the main products of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A

NADH
FADH2
ATP

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5
Q

What are the main products of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP

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6
Q

What 3 Metabolic processes are involved in cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis and Acetyl-CoA production
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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7
Q

The Citric Acid Cycle and Oxidative phosphorylation are anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Aerobic

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8
Q

Glycolysis is anaerobic or aerobic?

A

Anaerobic

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9
Q

What does cellular respiration require?

A

Oxygen

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10
Q

What does cellular respiration give off?

A

CO2

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11
Q

Why is oxygen important in cellular respiration?

A

The final electron acceptor

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12
Q

Cellular Respiration is the pathway for what precursor molecules syntheses?

A
  • Amino acids
  • Lipids
  • Nucleic Acids
  • Small molecules
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13
Q

What steps in glycolysis are ATP used?

A

1 and 3

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14
Q

What steps in glycolysis is ATP created?

A

7 and 10

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15
Q

What step in glycolysis is NADH created?

A

6

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16
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis?

A

Preparatory Phase

Payoff Phase

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17
Q

What is the electron acceptor in glycolysis?

A

NAD+

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18
Q

What glycolysis phase is phosphorylation occurring?

A

Preparatory phase

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19
Q

What glycolysis phase is oxidation-reduction occurring?

A

Payoff Phase

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20
Q

What three cells is glycolysis the primary source of energy for?

A

Erythrocytes
Cancer Cells
Anaerobic bacteria

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21
Q

T/F Glycolysis initiates glucose electron transfer by oxidizing carbons and reducing electron carriers.

A

True

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22
Q

What molecule is essential for glycolysis to occur?

A

NAD+

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23
Q

What glycolysis phase is the phosphorylation of glucose and its conversion to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate?

A

Preparatory phase

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24
Q

What happens to the six carbon sugar in the preparatory phase?

A

Cleaved into 2 three carbon sugars

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25
Q

What glycolysis phase is the oxidative conversion of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate to pyruvate and the couple formation of ATP and NADH?

A

Payoff Phase

26
Q

What is the net balance of energy from a single glucose in glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH + H
27
Q

T/F All dietary carbohydrates are broken down into glucose

A

False

Not all are broken down into glucose

28
Q

What are two sugars that do not enter glycolysis at the first step ?

A

Fructose

Mannose

29
Q

Where do fructose and mannose enter glycolysis?

A

At Fructose 6-phosphate

30
Q

T/F Extracellular signals and Intracellular substrate concentrations do not regulate glycolysis?

A

False

They do regulate glycolysis

31
Q

What metabolic pathway is necessary to create NADPH for reductive biosynthesis (creating fatty acids) and free radical protection, and must be maintained within the cell?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

32
Q

What key cell components does the Pentose Phosphate Pathway synthesize?

A
  • NADPH

- Ribose sugars

33
Q

Where does the Pentose Phosphate pathway begin?

A

Glucose 6-Phosphate

34
Q

What are some ribose sugars that the pentose phosphate pathway can help ultimately synthesize?

A 
NAD+
NADP+
Nucleotides
ATP
FAD
CoA
35
Q

What regulates the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

The amount of NADPH

36
Q

If you have a high concentration of NADPH what happens to the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

It gets down regulated

37
Q

What are two fates that pyruvate has?

A
  • Acetyl CoA

- Lactate

38
Q

Why would pyruvate be turned into lactate?

A

Anaerobic conditions

39
Q

Why would pyruvate be turned into Acetyl CoA

A

Aerobic conditions

40
Q

Why is fermentation done?

A

To regenerate NAD+

41
Q

Why is NAD+ regeneration important?

A

Allows glycolysis to continue

42
Q

T/F Lactate is the electron acceptor of NADH produced in glycolysis

43
Q

T/F Lactate is not readily transported out of cells and into the blood

A

False

It is readily transported into the blood

44
Q

T/F Lactate is the substrate for liver gluconeogenesis

45
Q

T/F Mitochondria are involved in apoptosis

46
Q

T/F Mitochondria separate enzymatic processes

47
Q

T/F The outer membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to small molecules and ions

A

False

It is freely permeable

48
Q

T/F The inner membrane of the mitochondria is impermeable to most small molecules and ions, including H+.

49
Q

Where do you find the respiratory electron carries (electron transport chain proteins) complex I-IV?

A

The Inner membrane

50
Q

Where do you find the ATP synthase protein?

A

The inner membrane

51
Q

Where do you find the Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex?

A

The matrix

52
Q

Where do you find the Citric acid cycle enzymes?

A

The matrix

53
Q

What steps in the cellular respiration pathway occur in the mitochondria?

A
  • Citric Acid Cycle
  • Electron transport chain
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
54
Q

What can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction?

A
  • Stress
  • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)
  • DNA damage
55
Q

When the mitochondria is dysfunctional what is released the leads to apoptosis?

A

Cytochrome c

56
Q

How is pyruvate converted to Acetyl-CoA?

A

The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

57
Q

How many essential vitamins does the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex need for functionality?

A

5

-example Pantothenic acid

58
Q

How many steps are in the Citric Acid Cycle?

59
Q

What is produced per turn of the Citric Acid Cycle?

A
  • 3 NADH
  • 2 CO2
  • 1 GTP (ATP)
  • 1 FADH2
60
Q

How many turns of the Citric Acid Cycle occur per glucose molecule?

61
Q

Why is NADH and FADH2 important?

A

They are oxidative phosphorylation electron sources

62
Q

T/F The Citric Acid Cycle requires O2?

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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