TEST #4 Regulation and integration of metabolism German Flashcards
T/F
The nervous system has a top-down oversight of the body’s organ system
True
What are two pathways for nervous system control of organ function?
- Autonomic nervous system
- Neuroendocrine system
What are both the ANS and neuroendocrine system controlled by in the brain?
-Hypothalamus
What are two pathways of control for the hypothalamus?
- Direct
- Indirect
What does the direct pathway from the hypothalamus control?
-ANS
What does the indirect pathway from the hypothalamus control?
-Neuroendocrine
If you have innervation of pre-ganglionic neurons what hypothalamus pathway do you use?
-Direct
If you have release of pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones what hypothalamus pathway do you use?
-Indirect
What are the three parts of the ANS?
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
- Enteric
T/F
The ANS has direct innervation of organ systems to unconsciously coordinate and their function
True
In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems what neurotransmitter is used in the preganglionic neurons?
-Acetylcholine
In the parasympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitter is used in post-ganglionic neurons?
-Acetylcholine
In the sympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitter is used in post-ganglionic neurons?
-Norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter does the enteric nervous system use?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Seritonin
What does the enteric nervous system do?
- Digestive system function
- Movement of food through the gut
What are two metabolic sources of CO2?
- Beta oxidation
- CAC
What do chemoreceptors detect in the blood?
-O2 and CO2 composition
What do baroreceptors detect?
-Blood pressure
What nucleus do chemoreceptors and baroreceptors feed back to?
-Nucleus of the solitary tract
If you have increased blood pressure is the sympathetic or parasympathetic system activated?
-Parasympathetic
If you have decreased blood pressure is the sympathetic or parasympathetic system activated?
-Sympathetic
Can the gut function independent of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system?
-Yes via enteric nervous system
What system responds to peripheral sensory information and higher brain centers?
-Neuroendocrine system
What are the three major organs of the neuroendocrine system?
- Hypothalamus
- Pituitary
- Adrenal glands
T/F
The posterior pituitary uses a portal system.
False
-The anterior pituitary uses a portal system
Which part of the pituitary has a two step system?
-Anterior pituitary
Hormones released from the pituitary are called what?
-Tropins
What is unique about the posterior pituitary?
-The hypothalamus sends a direct axon to the posterior pituitary
T/F
Each step in the HPA axis increases the hormone released by 1000 fold
True
What system links the Hypothalamus directly do the adrenal medulla?
-Sympathetic
What is type of hormone is insulin and glucagon?
-Peptide
What is the synthetic pathway of peptides?
-Proteolytic processing of prohormone
What is the mode of action of peptides?
-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers
What type of hormone is epinephrine?
-Catecholamine
What is the synthetic pathway of catecholamines?
-Tyrosine
What is the mode of action of catechoamines?
-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers
What type of hormone is PGE1?
-Eicosanoid
What is the synthetic pathway of Eicosanoids?
-From arachidonic acid
What is the mode of action of Eicosanoids?
-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers
What hormone from the anterior pituitary targets the adrenal cortex?
-Corticotropin (ACTH)
What are five things the liver does to help with metabolism?
- Blood sugar
- Carbohydrate storage
- Amino acid content
- Lipid formation and mobilization
- First pass metabolism
What are four things the pancreas does to help with metabolism?
- Insulin release
- Glucagon release
- Large intestine pH buffering
- Protease release
What does the gallbladder release to degrade lipids?
-Bile salts
What is the purpose of the glucose-alanine cycle?
-To transfer amine groups from the muscle to the liver without getting rid of the carbon backbones needed in the CAC
The production of cholesterol from acetyl CoA occurs where?
-Liver
When adipose tissue fills and reaches capacity what hormone does it release?
-Leptin
What does leptin do?
- Inhibit fat synthesis
- Activate Beta oxidation
What does the leptin do in the hypothalamus?
-Tells the brain to Eat less and Metabolize more
What does Ghrelin do in the hypothalamus?
-Tells the brain to eat more and metabolize less
What is the first step for the Beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin?
-The Beta cell takes in glucose and converts it to ATP
What does the ATP build up in the Beta cell in the pancreas lead to?
-Stops the flow of ATP gated K+ channel leading to a raised membrane potential
After the ATP gated K+ channel is closed and the membrane potential raises in Beta cells what occurs?
-The Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open allowing Ca2+ into the cell.
Once Ca2+ gets into the Beta cell what does that ultimately lead to?
-Vesicular release of insulin
At low concentrations of glucose what occurs in the Alpha cell in the pancreas?
-Glucagon is released
What two hormones inhibit glucagon release?
- Insulin
- Somatostatin
What does insulin drive?
- Glucose uptake
- Glycogen storage
- Lipid synthesis
What does glucagon drive?
- Glucose release
- Amino acid breakdown
- Fatty acid breakdown
What are two fuel sources during starvation?
- Protein from muscles
- Fatty acids from Adipose tissue
