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Biochem Human Form and Function > TEST #4 Regulation and integration of metabolism German > Flashcards

TEST #4 Regulation and integration of metabolism German Flashcards

1
Q

T/F

The nervous system has a top-down oversight of the body’s organ system

A

True

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2
Q

What are two pathways for nervous system control of organ function?

A
  • Autonomic nervous system

- Neuroendocrine system

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3
Q

What are both the ANS and neuroendocrine system controlled by in the brain?

A

-Hypothalamus

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4
Q

What are two pathways of control for the hypothalamus?

A
  • Direct

- Indirect

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5
Q

What does the direct pathway from the hypothalamus control?

A

-ANS

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6
Q

What does the indirect pathway from the hypothalamus control?

A

-Neuroendocrine

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7
Q

If you have innervation of pre-ganglionic neurons what hypothalamus pathway do you use?

A

-Direct

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8
Q

If you have release of pituitary and adrenal cortex hormones what hypothalamus pathway do you use?

A

-Indirect

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the ANS?

A
  • Sympathetic
  • Parasympathetic
  • Enteric
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10
Q

T/F

The ANS has direct innervation of organ systems to unconsciously coordinate and their function

A

True

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11
Q

In both the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems what neurotransmitter is used in the preganglionic neurons?

A

-Acetylcholine

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12
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitter is used in post-ganglionic neurons?

A

-Acetylcholine

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13
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what neurotransmitter is used in post-ganglionic neurons?

A

-Norepinephrine

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14
Q

What neurotransmitter does the enteric nervous system use?

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Norepinephrine
  • Seritonin
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15
Q

What does the enteric nervous system do?

A
  • Digestive system function

- Movement of food through the gut

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16
Q

What are two metabolic sources of CO2?

A
  • Beta oxidation

- CAC

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17
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect in the blood?

A

-O2 and CO2 composition

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18
Q

What do baroreceptors detect?

A

-Blood pressure

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19
Q

What nucleus do chemoreceptors and baroreceptors feed back to?

A

-Nucleus of the solitary tract

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20
Q

If you have increased blood pressure is the sympathetic or parasympathetic system activated?

A

-Parasympathetic

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21
Q

If you have decreased blood pressure is the sympathetic or parasympathetic system activated?

A

-Sympathetic

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22
Q

Can the gut function independent of the parasympathetic and sympathetic system?

A

-Yes via enteric nervous system

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23
Q

What system responds to peripheral sensory information and higher brain centers?

A

-Neuroendocrine system

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24
Q

What are the three major organs of the neuroendocrine system?

A
  • Hypothalamus
  • Pituitary
  • Adrenal glands
25
Q

T/F

The posterior pituitary uses a portal system.

A

False

-The anterior pituitary uses a portal system

26
Q

Which part of the pituitary has a two step system?

A

-Anterior pituitary

27
Q

Hormones released from the pituitary are called what?

A

-Tropins

28
Q

What is unique about the posterior pituitary?

A

-The hypothalamus sends a direct axon to the posterior pituitary

29
Q

T/F

Each step in the HPA axis increases the hormone released by 1000 fold

A

True

30
Q

What system links the Hypothalamus directly do the adrenal medulla?

A

-Sympathetic

31
Q

What is type of hormone is insulin and glucagon?

A

-Peptide

32
Q

What is the synthetic pathway of peptides?

A

-Proteolytic processing of prohormone

33
Q

What is the mode of action of peptides?

A

-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers

34
Q

What type of hormone is epinephrine?

A

-Catecholamine

35
Q

What is the synthetic pathway of catecholamines?

A

-Tyrosine

36
Q

What is the mode of action of catechoamines?

A

-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers

37
Q

What type of hormone is PGE1?

A

-Eicosanoid

38
Q

What is the synthetic pathway of Eicosanoids?

A

-From arachidonic acid

39
Q

What is the mode of action of Eicosanoids?

A

-Plasma membrane receptors : second messengers

40
Q

What hormone from the anterior pituitary targets the adrenal cortex?

A

-Corticotropin (ACTH)

41
Q

What are five things the liver does to help with metabolism?

A
  • Blood sugar
  • Carbohydrate storage
  • Amino acid content
  • Lipid formation and mobilization
  • First pass metabolism
42
Q

What are four things the pancreas does to help with metabolism?

A
  • Insulin release
  • Glucagon release
  • Large intestine pH buffering
  • Protease release
43
Q

What does the gallbladder release to degrade lipids?

A

-Bile salts

44
Q

What is the purpose of the glucose-alanine cycle?

A

-To transfer amine groups from the muscle to the liver without getting rid of the carbon backbones needed in the CAC

45
Q

The production of cholesterol from acetyl CoA occurs where?

A

-Liver

46
Q

When adipose tissue fills and reaches capacity what hormone does it release?

A

-Leptin

47
Q

What does leptin do?

A
  • Inhibit fat synthesis

- Activate Beta oxidation

48
Q

What does the leptin do in the hypothalamus?

A

-Tells the brain to Eat less and Metabolize more

49
Q

What does Ghrelin do in the hypothalamus?

A

-Tells the brain to eat more and metabolize less

50
Q

What is the first step for the Beta cells in the pancreas to release insulin?

A

-The Beta cell takes in glucose and converts it to ATP

51
Q

What does the ATP build up in the Beta cell in the pancreas lead to?

A

-Stops the flow of ATP gated K+ channel leading to a raised membrane potential

52
Q

After the ATP gated K+ channel is closed and the membrane potential raises in Beta cells what occurs?

A

-The Voltage gated Ca2+ channels open allowing Ca2+ into the cell.

53
Q

Once Ca2+ gets into the Beta cell what does that ultimately lead to?

A

-Vesicular release of insulin

54
Q

At low concentrations of glucose what occurs in the Alpha cell in the pancreas?

A

-Glucagon is released

55
Q

What two hormones inhibit glucagon release?

A
  • Insulin

- Somatostatin

56
Q

What does insulin drive?

A
  • Glucose uptake
  • Glycogen storage
  • Lipid synthesis
57
Q

What does glucagon drive?

A
  • Glucose release
  • Amino acid breakdown
  • Fatty acid breakdown
58
Q

What are two fuel sources during starvation?

A
  • Protein from muscles

- Fatty acids from Adipose tissue

Biochem Human Form and Function (28 decks)

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